Cuadrado, Guilherme de Arruda

Ariga, Suely K.

Andrade, Mauro F. C. de

Souza, Heraldo P. de

English

The Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy is an annual publication which provides a comprehensive overview of current developments in the international investment law and policy field, focusing on recent trends and issues in foreign direct investment (FDI), investment treaty practice, and investor-state arbitration.
Several themes emerge in this 2015-2016 edition of the Yearbook. Key among them is the undercurrent of change and evolution in investment law and policy, as well as that of investment trends. Part I of this edition covers fundamental shifts in the investment treaty landscape in 2015 and 2016, underscoring the uncertainty over the direction of future agreements. This edition also highlights changes in the practices of multinational enterprises over time and raises question as to whether efforts to track and understand firms\u27 investments through data on FDI have kept pace. The discussion of investment arbitration decisions and awards highlights outcomes which, in some cases, suggest new directions of arbitral decisions.
This theme continues in Part II. Chapters highlight emerging understandings regarding outcomes of treaty disputes, and the ways in which treaties and decisions are shaping government decision-making. There is discussion on how change in international business, including the fragmentation of production and consumption in global value chains, is or is not reflected in the design and application of investment treaties. There is also coverage of change in China, both in terms of China\u27s legal status as a (non)market economy under WTO law, and in how arbitrators have arguably altered longstanding Chinese policies regarding the territorial reach of Chinese treaties. This edition also reflects a maturation of investment law, as new analysis highlights the importance of nuance in commonly stated conclusions and principles. Chapters ask  what does and should \u27equality of the parties\u27 mean in investment law? , especially when disparate access to resources and information seems to tilt the playing field. Other chapters investigate the implications of the fact that states, considered as one entity for the purpose of responsibility at the international level, often are made up of different relatively autonomous units.
Edited by an Editorial Committee and overseen by an Advisory Board of esteemed global experts in the field of international investment law, the Yearbook is an essential tool for practitioners and academics looking for a resource of timely and authoritative information in this field.https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/sustainable_investment_books/1010/thumbnail.jp

Sachs, Lisa E.

Johnson, Lise

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The Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2015-2016

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Rev Med (São Paulo). 2017 jan.-mar.;96(1):60-1.60doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v96i1p60-61Carta ao EditorMechanisms of subcutaneous adipose tissue formation  in experimental lymphedema modelGuilherme de A. Cuadrado¹; Suely K. Ariga¹; Mauro F. C. de Andrade²; Heraldo P. de Souza¹1. Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM) 52 – Faculty of Medicine – University of São Paulo. E-mail: guilhermedearruda@hotmail.com, suely@emercli.fm.usp.br, heraldo@emercli.fm.usp.br.2. Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM) 02 – Faculty of Medicine – University of São Paulo. E-mail: mauroand@uol.com.br.Correspondency author: Guilherme de Arruda Cuadrado. Rua: Rego Barros, 570 - apt 35 C, Jardim Vila Formosa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Zip Code: 03460-000. E-mail:guilhermedearruda@hotmail.com.Our article entitled “Mechanisms of subcutaneous adipose tissue formation in experimental lymphedema model” displays a very interesting and prectical way of studying both obesity and lymphedema. Limb lymphedema is a highly prevalent complication of cancer treatment with no available therapy.A 5-year cohort¹ showed 42% lymphedema prevalence in patients who did not undergo axillary lymph node dissection and another 20-year cohort² displayed 50% lymphedema prevalence in patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer treatment showing how prevalent this condition is. An interesting aspect of lymphedema is that damaged lymphatic vessels or nodes lead to stasis in addition to causing inflammation and adipose tissue accumulation³. Causative mechanisms are still not completely understood.  The objective of the study presented at the XXXV COMU was to establish an experimental model of lymphedema, improving a previously reported one and to describe cellular and molecular processes triggered by lymph stasis. This model consisted of the dissection of a 2-mm circumferential segment of skin, 2 cm distally from the base of the tail. Patent Blue V stain was injected intradermally, distally to the wound and the deep lymphatic vessels were tied.  Twenty male C57BL6 Black mice were submitted to this procedure and were euthanized 3 and 6 weeks later. Tissues from the proximal (Control) and distal (Lymphedema) portions of the tails were collected to histological and molecular analyses. Compared to their controls, Lymphedema group presented early enlargement of the tail on account of edema and inflammatory cells and fibroblasts infiltration. Further, large adipose tissue deposits were formed around vessels and muscles. There was also an early increase in the transcription of genes (measured by quantitative PCR) involved in adipocytes differentiation (CEBP), followed by increased markers of adipocytes maturity (Lipin1 and 2). Markers of lymphatic vessels formation (SLP-76) were increased during the whole follow-up. Our results validated our adapted mouse-tail model in inducing lymphedema and adipogenesis in both histological and molecular analyses, establishing it as a viable model for studying lymphedema pathophysiology and testing new treatments.61Cuadrado GA, et al. Mechanisms of subcutaneous adipose tissue formation in experimental lymphedema.REFERENCES1.  Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, EserS, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray, F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base no. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr, accessedonday/month/year. 2.  Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Bishop K, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, YuM, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA, editors. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2013, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2013/, based on November 2015 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2016.3.  Brorson H, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Karlsson MK. Breast cancer-related chronic arm lymphedema is associated with excess adipose and muscle tissue. Lymphat Res Biol. 2009;7(1):3-10. doi: 10.1089/lrb.2008.1022.Recebido: 16.11.2016Aceito: 12.01.2017

Mechanisms of subcutaneous adipose tissue formation  in experimental lymphedema model

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Mechanisms of subcutaneous adipose tissue formation in experimental lymphedema model

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