Copyright © 2012 Michael P. Fuller et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Soil salinity affects a large and increasing amount of arable land worldwide, and genetic and agronomic solutions to increasing salt tolerance are urgently needed. Experiments were conducted to improve wheat seed performance under salinity stress conditions after priming. An experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design of four replications for germination indices in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Caxton). Normal and primed seed with PEG6000 at −1MPa and five concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200mM) were tested. Results indicate that priming seed significantly (P < 0.05) increased germination percentage at first count and final count, coefficient of velocity of germination, germination rate index, and mean germination time, while increasing of NaCl concentration significantly reduced it. Priming seed improved germination attributes at all NaCl concentration levels. The priming appeared to be able to overcome the effect of salt stress at 50 to 100mMand reduce the effect of NaCl at higher concentrations up to 200 mM. The primed seed gave both faster germination and led to higher germination when under salt stress. We conclude that using priming techniques can effectively enhance the germination seed under saline condition

Al Issawi, M

Fuller, MP

Hamza, JH

Rihan, HZ

ISRN Botany

English

Soil salinity affects a large and increasing amount of arable land worldwide, and genetic and agronomic solutions to increasing salt tolerance are urgently needed. Experiments were conducted to improve wheat seed performance under salinity stress conditions after priming. An experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design of four replications for germination indices in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Caxton). Normal and primed seed with PEG6000 at  MPa and five concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) were tested. Results indicate that priming seed significantly () increased germination percentage at first count and final count, coefficient of velocity of germination, germination rate index, and mean germination time, while increasing of NaCl concentration significantly reduced it. Priming seed improved germination attributes at all NaCl concentration levels. The priming appeared to be able to overcome the effect of salt stress at 50 to 100 mM and reduce the effect of NaCl at higher concentrations up to 200 mM. The primed seed gave both faster germination and led to higher germination when under salt stress. We conclude that using priming techniques can effectively enhance the germination seed under saline condition.</jats:p

Michael P. Fuller

Jalal H. Hamza

Hail Z. Rihan

Mohammad Al-Issawi

Crossref

International Scholarly Research NetworkISRN BotanyVolume 2012, Article ID 167804, 5 pagesdoi:10.5402/2012/167804Research ArticleGermination of Primed Seed under NaCl Stress in WheatMichael P. Fuller,1 Jalal H. Hamza,1, 2 Hail Z. Rihan,1 and Mohammad Al-Issawi11 School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK2 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqCorrespondence should be addressed to Michael P. Fuller, mfuller@plymouth.ac.ukReceived 5 October 2012; Accepted 7 November 2012Academic Editors: F. A. Culianez-Macia and A. W. WoodwardCopyright © 2012 Michael P. Fuller et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properlycited.Soil salinity aﬀects a large and increasing amount of arable land worldwide, and genetic and agronomic solutions to increasing salttolerance are urgently needed. Experiments were conducted to improve wheat seed performance under salinity stress conditionsafter priming. An experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design of four replications for germination indices inwheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Caxton). Normal and primed seed with PEG6000 at −1MPa and five concentrations of NaCl (0, 50,100, 150, and 200mM) were tested. Results indicate that priming seed significantly (P < 0.05) increased germination percentageat first count and final count, coeﬃcient of velocity of germination, germination rate index, and mean germination time, whileincreasing of NaCl concentration significantly reduced it. Priming seed improved germination attributes at all NaCl concentrationlevels. The priming appeared to be able to overcome the eﬀect of salt stress at 50 to 100mM and reduce the eﬀect of NaCl at higherconcentrations up to 200mM. The primed seed gave both faster germination and led to higher germination when under salt stress.We conclude that using priming techniques can eﬀectively enhance the germination seed under saline condition.1. IntroductionSalinity is a major limiting factor in crop productivity all overthe world. Salinity aﬀects plant growth at all developmentalstages; however, sensitivity varies from one growth stage toanother. Germination is a critical stage of the plant cycleand improved tolerance of high salinity could improve thestability of plant production [1]. Water is osmotically held insalt solutions. Therefore, the salt concentration completelyinhibits germination at higher levels or induces a state ofdormancy at low levels, it also reduces imbibition of waterbecause of lowered osmotic potentials of the medium andcauses changes in metabolic activity [2].For the maintenance of high yield of crops under saltstressed conditions, various research tools are being tried tocounteract the eﬀects of salinity. Seed priming treatmentsare simply applied practices that can reduce the eﬀects ofsalinity with small inputs of capital and energy. Many suchseed priming or invigoration treatments are being used toimprove the rate and speed of germination under stressedconditions or with substandard seed lots [3]. Pre-sowingtreatments such as priming techniques with diﬀerent salts,water, and osmoprotectants assist the germination andestablishment process in the field [4]. Priming of seedswith CaCl2, followed by priming with KCl and NaCl, werefound to be eﬀective in alleviating the adverse eﬀects of saltstress on wheat plants through their eﬀects on altering thelevels of diﬀerent plant phytohormones [5]. Khan et al. [6]observed that priming of seeds using NaCl improved seedlingvigour and establishment under salt stress conditions. Seedpriming improves seed performance by encouraging rapid,uniform, and vigorous germination which helps seedlings togrow in stressed conditions [4, 7, 8]. Similarly, Jafar et al.demonstrated that seed priming could be used successfullyto assist the germination of wheat in the field [9].The analysis of physiological changes in plants associatedwith seed-priming may be useful for advancing the under-standing of plant salt tolerance and may suggest strategiesby which plants acquire or alter their salt tolerance. Theprimary objective of the present study was to determine theeﬀect of priming on seedling growth and to determine if themechanism of activation of seeds may be used as a technique2 ISRN Botanyto increase the viability of the seed to perform better underexcess salinity.2. MethodsThe experiment was conducted at the School of Biomedicaland Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, UK, in 2011,to determine if a seed priming technique can enhancethe seed tolerance to salinity stress. An experiment wasconducted with wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Caxton)using a completely randomized design of four replications.Normal and primed seed with PEG6000 at −1MPa and fiveconcentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200mM) weretested.The primed solution (−1MPa) was prepared by dissolv-ing 21.9 g PEG/100mL of PEG6000 in distilled water at 20◦Cand confirmed using an OSMOMET device. Seeds (250 g)for each treatment were immersed in 300mL of the primingsolution for 6 h in plastic containers covered with lids toprevent evaporation loss. After priming, the seed sampleswere removed and rinsed several times in tap water andthen dried back to the original moisture level of 12% bysubjecting the seed to 20 ± 1◦C and 50% RH for 24 h. Adigital Protimeter was used for measuring and monitoringthe moisture content during the drying period. Fifty seedsfrom each treatment were placed in 140mm diameter petridishes on two layers of Whatman no.1 filter paper moistenedwith 40mL of the appropriate salt test solutions (0, 50, 100,150, and 200mM of NaCl). The petri dishes were placed inan incubator at 20±1◦C under dark conditions to germinate.Seeds were considered to be germinated when they exhibiteda radicle extension longer than 2mm. The germination countwas recorded daily up to 8 days. From the germination countsseveral germination attributes were studied to investigate theeﬀect of the priming on salt tolerance including germinationpercentage (%) as first count after 4 days (FG), germinationpercentage (%) as final count after 8 days (LG), coeﬃcient ofvelocity of germination (CVG), and germination rate index(GRI), mean germination time (MGT) as follow:CVG(% day−1)=∑Ni∑(NiTi)× 100, (1)(see [10]),GRI(% day−1)=∑(Nii), (2)(see [11]),MGT (d) =∑(NiTi)∑Ni, (3)(see [11]),where N is the number of seeds germinated on day i, and Tiis the number of days from sowing.The CVG gives an indication of the rapidity of germi-nation. It increases when the number of germinated seedsincreases and the time required for germination decreases.Theoretically, the highest CVG possible is 100. This wouldoccur if all seeds germinated on the first day [10]. TheGRI reflects the percentage of germination on each day ofthe germination period. Higher GRI values indicate higherand faster germination [11]. The lower MGT, the faster apopulation of seeds has germinated [11].2.1. Statistical Analysis. All data were subjected to analysisof variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software (version 17), andcomparisons of means were made using the least significantdiﬀerence test (LSD) at P < 0.05 level of confidence. Cal-culated coeﬃcients of simple correlation between attributeswere also studied [12].3. Results3.1. ANOVA. Analyses of variance showed significant eﬀectsof priming and NaCl concentrations on attributes of ger-mination (Table 1). The eﬀects of the NaCl concentrationsaccounted for a high proportion of the variance in allanalyses. There was no significant interaction eﬀect in anyof the attributes of germination.3.2. The Eﬀect of Priming and NaCl Concentration. Prim-ing seed with PEG6000 at −1MPa significantly increasedthe attributes of germination compared with normal seed(Table 2) and increasing NaCl concentration significantlyreduced the attributes of germination compared with controltreatment (0 NaCl).Priming seed improved germination at all of NaCl con-centration levels compared with normal seed (Figure 1) andshowed that the pattern of response to NaCl concentrationswere the same for normal and primed seed. The primed seedgave both faster germination (FG, CVG, GRI, and MGT)and led to higher germination (LG) when under salt stress(Figure 1).Increasing salt stress reduced the speed of germinationand the germination rate. For normal seed this was evident at50mM NaCl and got progressively worse at each incrementof salt applied (Figure 1). Whilst speed of germination wasaﬀected by each increment of salt (FG, CVG, GRI, andMGT)and salt significantly reduced the final germination (LG)above 100mM NaCl. For primed seed, speed of germinationwas aﬀected by each increment of salt above 50mM NaCl(FG, CVG, GRI, and MGT), and salt significantly reducedthe final germination (LG) above 100mM NaCl.3.3. Correlation between Attributes. Positive highly signifi-cant correlations (P < 0.001) were found between FG, LG,CVG, and GRI, and negative highly significant correlations(P < 0.001) were found between each of FG, LG, CVG, andGRI, and MGT (Table 3).4. DiscussionThe application of increasing salt stress had substantialnegative eﬀects on all the attributes investigated with anoverall negative eﬀect on germination. The values of FG,LG, CVG, and GRI were decreased, while the time requiredISRN Botany 30204060801000 50 100 150 200NaCl concentration (mM)(%)(a) First germination after 4 days (FG)0204060801000 50 100 150 200NaCl concentration (mM)(%)(b) Final germination after 8 days (LG)010203040500 50 100 150 200NaCl concentration (mM)Day−1(%)(c) Coeﬃcient of velocity of germination (CVG)010203040500 50 100 150 200NaCl concentration (mM)Day−1(%)(d) Germination rate index (GRI)0123450 50 100 150 200DayNaCl concentration (mM)(e) Mean germination time (MGT)Figure 1: Interaction priming × NaCl concentration for attributes of germination, (a) FG (b) LG, (c) CVG, (d) GRI, and (e) MGT. Primedseed with PEG6000 at −1MPa (dotted lines) and normal seed (solid lines). Vertical bars indicate SE.to obtain a faster germination (MGT) was increased. Thisstudy showed significant negative relationships between theconcentration of sodium chloride and between most ofthe germination attributes and a positive relationship withMGT. This agrees with other observations in wheat, wheresalinity has been shown to negatively aﬀect the rate of starchremobilization by causing a decrease in α-amylase activity[13].The results also showed that priming of wheat seedswith PEG6000 at −1MPa can have significant improvements4 ISRN BotanyTable 1: Analysis of variance for eﬀect of priming and NaCl concentration on attributes of germination.dfMean squareFG LG CVG GRI MGTPriming 1 739.60∗∗ 384.40∗∗ 171.304∗∗ 250.50∗∗ 1.63642∗∗NaCl concentration 4 5050.85∗∗ 3770.35∗∗ 302.104∗∗ 1089.44∗∗ 3.45680∗∗Priming × NaCl concentration 4 22.35ns 48.65ns 18.698ns 3.00ns 0.08384nsError 30 58.53 47.80 7.489 13.85 0.09563CV (%) 12.6 9.2 9.0 13.8 9.0∗∗Significant at P < 0.01, nsNot significant.Table 2: Means comparison of the eﬀect of priming and NaClconcentration on attributes of germination.TreatmentAttributes of germinationFG LG CVG GRI MGTPrimed seed (PEG6000 at −1MPa) 65.0a 78.3a 32.5a 29.5a 3.2aNormal seeds 56.4b 72.1b 28.4b 24.5b 3.6bNaCl concentration (mM)0 84.0a 92.0a 37.4a 38.2a 2.7a50 82.5a 91.0a 36.4a 37.0a 2.8a100 68.8b 89.8a 29.0b 30.5b 3.5b150 38.0c 55.5b 25.4c 16.1c 4.0c200 30.2c 47.8c 25.2c 13.3c 4.2cMeans within a column with common characters are not significant at P <0.05.Table 3: Correlation coeﬃcients between attributes of germination.MGT GRI CVG LGFG −0.926∗∗∗ 0.975∗∗∗ 0.885∗∗∗ 0.938∗∗∗LG −0.807∗∗∗ 0.949∗∗∗ 0.753∗∗∗CVG −0.979∗∗∗ 0.914∗∗∗GRI −0.933∗∗∗∗∗∗Significant at P < 0.001.on certain attributes of germination. Primed seeds weresuperior in FG, LG, CVG, and GRI, and it also decreasedMGT such that the required time was faster with primedseed compared with normal seeds. Priming seed appearedto be able to completely overcome the eﬀect of salt stressat 50 to 100mM and reduce the eﬀect of salt at higherconcentrations up to 200mM. Seed priming can activate themetabolic processes within the seed to get early emergenceof the radicle even under saline conditions. Our findingsagree with Cantliﬀe [4] who found that priming seed inan osmotic solution may improve germination throughmetabolic activation involving the synthesis of nucleic acids,proteins, and enzymes, and increasing respiratory activityand energy reserve utilization. These findings are importantfor field situations where soil salinity is suspected as the useof priming couldmake the diﬀerence between successful fieldgermination and establishment or substantial crop failure.5. ConclusionWe conclude that the use of priming techniques can enhancethe germination of wheat seed under saline conditions andunder conditions of mild salt stress priming can entirelyovercome the eﬀect salt. We recommend conducting similarstudies on other wheat varieties to investigate whether thisis a general phenomenon. Additional work also needs toevaluate germination and early seedling growth under fieldconditions.References[1] V. Jajarmi, “Eﬀect of water stress on germination indices inseven wheat cultivar,” Proceedings of World Academy of Science,Engineering and Technology, vol. 49, pp. 105–106, 2009.[2] S. Rafiq, T. Iqbal, A. Hameed, R. Zulfiqar Ali, and N. Rafiq,“Morphobiochemical analysis of salinity stress response ofwheat,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1759–1767, 2006.[3] S. S. Lee and J. H. Kim, “Total sugars, α-amylase activity, andgermination after priming of normal and aged rice seeds,”Korean Journal of Crop Science, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 108–111,2000.[4] D. J. Cantliﬀe, “Seed enhancements,” Acta Horticulturae, vol.607, pp. 53–62, 2003.[5] M. Iqbal, M. Ashraf, A. Jamil, and S. ur-Rehman, “Does seedpriming induce changes in the levels of some endogenousplant hormones in hexaploid wheat plants under salt stress?”Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 181–189,2006.[6] H. A. Khan, C. M. Ayub, M. A. Pervez, R. M. Bilal, M. A.Shahid, and K. Ziaf, “Eﬀect of seed priming with NaCl onsalinity tolerance of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) atseedling stage,” Soil & Environment, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 81–87,2009.[7] M. Ashraf and M. R. Foolad, “Pre-sowing seed treatment-Ashotgun approach to improve germination, plant growth, andcrop yield under saline and non-saline conditions,” Advancesin Agronomy, vol. 88, pp. 223–271, 2005.[8] F. Carbineau and D. Come, “Priming: a technique forimproving seed quality,” Seed Testing International, no. 132,2006.[9] M. Z. Jafar, M. Farooq, M. A. Cheema et al., “Improvingthe performance of wheat by seed priming under salineconditions,” Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science, vol. 198, pp.38–45, 2012.[10] M. A. Kader and S. C. Jutzi, “Eﬀects of thermal and salttreatments during imbibition on germination and seedlingISRN Botany 5growth of sorghum at 42/19◦C,” Journal of Agronomy and CropScience, vol. 190, no. 1, pp. 35–38, 2004.[11] M. A. Kader, “A comparison of seed germination calculationformulae and the associated interpretation of resulting data,”Journal and Proceeding of the Royal Society of New South Wales,vol. 138, pp. 65–75, 2005.[12] R. G. Steel, J. H. Torrie, and D. A. Dickey, Principles andProcedures of Statistics, a Biometrical Approach, McGraw HillBook, Singapore, 3rd edition, 1997.[13] M. Almansouri, J. M. Kinet, and S. Lutts, “Eﬀect of salt andosmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticumdurum Desf.),” Plant and Soil, vol. 231, no. 2, pp. 243–254,2001.Submit your manuscripts athttp://www.hindawi.comHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 Anatomy Research InternationalPeptidesInternational Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com International Journal ofVolume 2014ZoologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Molecular Biology International Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.comGenomicsInternational Journal ofVolume 2014The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioinformaticsAdvances inMarine BiologyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Signal TransductionJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioMed Research InternationalEvolutionary BiologyInternational Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Biochemistry Research InternationalArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Genetics Research InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Advances inVirolog yHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.comNucleic AcidsJournal ofVolume 2014Stem CellsInternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Enzyme ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014International Journal ofMicrobiology

Germination of Primed Seed under NaCl Stress in Wheat

A comparison of seed germination calculation formulae and the associated interpretation of resulting data,”

Does seed priming induce changes in the levels of some endogenous plant hormones in hexaploid wheat plants under salt stress?”

Eﬀect of seed priming with NaCl on salinity tolerance of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) at seedling stage,”

Eﬀect of water stress on germination indices in seven wheat cultivar,”

Eﬀects of thermal and salt treatments during imbibition on germination and seedlingISRN Botany 5 growthofsorghumat42/19◦C,”J o urnalo fA gr onom yandC r o p

Improving the performance of wheat by seed priming under saline conditions,”

L e ea n dJ .H .K i m ,“ T o t a ls u g a r s ,α-amylase activity, and germination after priming of normal and aged rice seeds,”

l m a n s o u r i ,J .M .K i n e t ,a n dS .L u t t s ,“ E ﬀect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination

Morphobiochemical analysis of salinity stress response of wheat,”

Pre-sowing seed treatment-A shotgun approach to improve germination, plant growth, and crop yield under saline and non-saline conditions,”

Priming: a technique for improving seed quality,”

Principles and Procedures of Statistics, a Biometrical Approach, McGraw Hill Book, Singapore, 3rd edition,

Seed enhancements,”

http://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2012/167804.pdf

Germination of primed seed under NaCl stress in wheat.

Germination of primed seed under NaCl stress in wheat.

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