Bencs, Péter

Voith, Katalin

English

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ELEKTRoMo S JÁRMúvEK ALKALMazÁsatOPPORTUNITIE S OF ELECTRIC VEHICLESDr. péter Bencs\, Dr. Katalin Voith2, associate professor| , senior researchfellot"l','D"port*"nt of Fluid and Heat Engineering, t}niversity of Miskolc, HU-3515, Misknlc, Miskolc-Eg,letemvárosABSTRACT: Nowadays, the number of vehi-cles with minimum emissions that meet envi-ronmental requiremerrts is increasing. In thispaper, we present a comprehensive technologicalstudy and comparison of clean electric vehicles,This paper addresses this issue and summarizescurrent and future strategies. Environmentalguidelines and policy incentives are constantlyincreasing the number of electric vehicles andthe rapid development of technology.1.INTRODUCTIONThe literature review clearly shows that the con-ditions for the introduction of electric vehicles(EV) need to be examined on a country-specificbasis. A good example is European countriesthat are heavily relying on renewable energies,such as France or Norway. Countries like Ger-fiulny, the United Kingdom, and the US shouldfocus on significantly reducing greenhouse gasemissions from electricity generation [1]. Thetendency to purchase electric vehicles is influ-errced by several factors, such as price, drivingexperience and availability of the necessaryinfrastructure. During the investigation, specialattention is paid to environmental awarenessamong the customers of electric vehicles. Theseanalyze aid policy makers and researchers tointroduce and encourage the utilization of newtechnologies.2. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSvehicle manufacturers need electric vehicles atfleet level to comply with ever-changing regula-tions. At EU level, Regulation 2019163I sets thenew directions and expected emission standardsthat vehicle manufacturers must follow [2]. Cur-rently reducing emissions of internal combustionengines is stressed, however, this is no longeradequate. It is important to emphasize that eachvehicle manufacturer should examine the emis-sion limit value for its entire vehicle fleet. Now-adays, this has brought about changes that seemto be narrowrng the category of mini-cars in themanufacturers' fleet. The reason for this changeis multi-directional compliance with environ-mental noríns and commercial demands.Table 1. summarizes literature data,which reflect the targets set by different manu-facturers (in térms of adverse environmentalemissions) well L2]. Compliance with the95 gCOz / km benchmark will be introducedinternationally by vehicle manufacturers (fleetlevel) in 2021.Table ]. CO2 emission / l"mThe conclusion can be drawn from the ta-ble data that it is essential to increase the fleetlevel of electric vehicles in the future in order to-X 'n" expected targets at fleet level. Electricvehic\es in the fleet produce 0 gCO2 / km andthus Üave a positive impact on the fleet average./ m"primary limiting adverse emission pa-rímercr of car manufacturers is compliance withthe COz standard. Examining several air qualityparameters from a health perspective may beimportant for further investigations. With thecontinuous reduction of emissions, NO" andPM19 particulates remain a problem in the auto-motive industry [3]. Today, air particle filtersare the solution for PMlg emissions of vehicles.Auto-ignition diesel vehicles produce muchhigher levels of NO. than petrol vehicles. Sincethe introduction of the Euro 6 directive series in2014, on7y new diesel vehicles equipped with a20302020Manufacturer64102BMW (incl.Mini)64I02Daimler5892Fiat6095Ford5995Hyundai Kia5690PSA519IRenault-Nissan5892Tovota6095VolkswagenGroup67l07Volvo50 3-4. 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M §§ü331íallLJ,]íilll1!11rliIlij]ltllilalí1á§l§p§§l"*§§%\alqldi§V9i§§§l5*rl} ]]t]rlff{ütül(]1.tIalIi!n]-|lIratat!I§lil,,!il!l_rl\model. During the discrete investigation, vehicleprofiles that are crrrrently available in the mar-ket, and profiles that will be available in thefuture may be taken into account. A detailedevaluation procedure is described below [5].During the evaluation, the following three op-tions were developed:o ICE - internal combustion engine.o HEV - hybrid system (consisting of internalcornbustion engine and electric battery). Thebattery is charged while driving.o BEV - fully electric vehicle with rechargea-ble battery. Charging can be done whiledriving (recharging) and from an externalcharging source.Table 2. Attributes and attribute levels em-in theParameter tests in Table 2. must alsocomply with applicable"laws and regulations inthe particular country. Car pricing does not takethe country's tax policy (incentives for electricvehicles) into account. Based on the primaryresults, it can be concluded that hybrid and elec-tric vehicles will be competitors in the future. Inthe case of electric vehicles, it must be kept inmind that consumers are also changing theirbasic r ehicle r-rsage patterns. As a result of thenrode1 tests. the use of fully electric vehicles isnot e\pected in the near future. Hybrid driveS},Sten]5 are a compromise for consumersslr itchirrg from internal cornbustion engines,4. ELECTRIC VEHICLESIt is important to mention the LCA (Life CycleAssessment) when inspecting electric vehicles, Itis a widely used method in the automotive indus-try, which, with the right basic knowledge, canbring significant decision benefits to both manu-facturers and society.Fig. 5 shows the energy mix expected inthe EU between 2015 and2050 [6].x§1$?§3*§,,ts5ü9ü$t "§ \+, ^i ."s .§ § .J::x:L}lJ ö]ü?li §:0]0 a?ü!0Fig. 5. EU 2015-2050 energl mix [6JThe figure shows that renewable energywill play a greater role in energy production overthe projected period. At EU level, the contribu-tion of solid fuels and rrrrclear eneígy to energyproduction is plarrrred to decline. The futuregrowth tendency of electric vehicles is analyzedin the light of this basic information and currentlegal principles.There are several studies in the literatureexamining where electric vehicles stand based ontheir COz emissions in a life-cycle [7, 8]. Theaim is to identify large differences between die-sel and electric vehicles. It is only possible todetermine exact results when analyzing the pa-rameters presented in the previous chapters to-gether. When testing diesel vehicles, the primaryconsideration is the application of emissionstandards and test methods in accordance withthese laws. In the case of electric vehicles, themain considerations are the battery capacity andthe ratio of renewable energies in the productionof electricity in connection with LCA [7, 8].xünx],JrUAttribute ICE HEV BEVPrice (in thou-sand €)2 levels:36.5,40.53 levels:36.5,44.5,54Accessoriesstandard3 levels:standard,upgradedluxury3 levels:standard,upgradedluxury3 levels:standard,upgradedluxuryMaximumspeed (krr/h)2 levels180,2102 levels:180,2t03 levels135,17 5,210Driúng rangeinkm660 9903 levels1 50,I75,200Charging/ fuel-ing time5 min 3 minNurnber ofpeople youknow whodrive that carMany3 levels:no one,few,morethan 103 levels:no one,few,morethan 10§, 3-.{. 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It is clear from the tablethat the unit cost ofenergy storage is the highestwhen using electric vehicles, Evidence showsthat reservoirs are still the most efficient sys-tems, but have the highest investment costs [13].5. SUMMARYIn this study, we have summarized the factorsinfluencing the future growth tendency of elec-tric vehicles. The effect of standards that limittoxic emissions has a positive effect on the pro-duction of electric vehicles. It is clear that manu-facturers will increase the proportion of electricvehicles in their fleet due to lower emissionstandards. In adűtion to the much-used COzlimits, other pollutants need to be taken intoaccount as well. Other pollutants include, forexample, NO*, which is primarily related to roadtransport and transportation, shipping. The re-search methods required for the social ac-ceptance of electric vehicles were also presentedin this study. The inspection method will helpdecision makers and electric vehicle manufactur-ers alike. Today, hybrid vehicles are the primarycompetitor for electric vehicles. We also dis-cussed the challenges and issues encountered inthe prodúction of electric vehicles in detail. LCAresearch shows that electric vehicles are con-stantly improving their image (they produce lessadverse environmental emissions than internalcombustion engine vehicles), Further develop-ment of energy storage is essential for furtherdevelopment and increasing production.6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe research was supported by the EFOP-3.6.1-16-00011 "Younger and Renewing University -Innovative Knowledge City - institutional devel-opment of the University of Miskolc aiming atintelligent specialization" project implemented inthe framework of the Széchenyi 2020 program,The realization of these two projects is support-ed by the European Union, co-financed by theEuropean Social Fund.7. REFERENCESt1] KUMAR, Rajeev Ranjan; KUMAR, Alok.Adoption of electric vehicle: a literature reviewand prospects for sustainability. 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Kohlemotoren, Windmo-toren und Dieselmotoren: Was zeigt die CO2-Bllanz? . ifo Schnelldienst, 20 1 9, 1 2.08 : 40 -5 4.[B] Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Electric Ve-hicles with Lowest CO: Emissions, 2019.19] NÁDASI, Réka; TÓTH, Csaba; BALOG,Péter. Towards the inductive on-road chargingsystem for electric buses: Inspection of the Hun-garian electric mobility fleet. TransportationResearch Procedia, 20]19, 4I: 380-394,[10] Kwon, H. J,, Hwang, J.-Y., Shin, H.-J.,Jeong, M.-G., Chung, K. Y., Sun, Y.-K., &Jung, H.-G. (2019). Nano/Microstructured Sili-con Carbon Hy;brid Composite Particles Fabri-cated with Corn Starch Biowaste as Anode Ma-terials for Li-lon Batteries. Nano Letters, 20(1),625 635.111l OMRANI, Mahyar Mirzaei; JANNESARI,Hamid. Economic and environmental assessmentof reusing electric vehicle lithium-ion batteriesfor load leveling in the residential, industrial andphotovoltaic power plants sectors, Renewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019, 116:109413.t12] Dr, Barna Hanula: Sustainable-sustain-abilitl LC,\. LCA Center, 2019. - presentation.[13] GLEZGOUZ. Mohammed, et al. Optimalhlbric1 pr"rrrrped lrydro-battery storage scheme foroi1--glid reneuable energy systems. Energy Con-r ers i oll and -u'lanagement, 20 1 9, |99 : 1 12046,54 3-.l, SZ \\I GÉB LxxI. évfolyam, 2020.

Opportunities of Electric Vehicles = Elektromos járművek alkalmazásai

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Opportunities of Electric Vehicles = Elektromos járművek alkalmazásai

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