Pakistan, the sixth most populous country (91.71 million)in the world, is battling to keep the balance between economic growth and environmental protection. At present the government is mainly focusing on meeting the energy and food needs of the country and environmental protection is lacking serious attention. Pollution (air, water, and soil), sanitation and loss of wildlife and biodiversity are growing environmental health issues in Pakistan. In order to deliver demand led solutions to these multifaceted challenges development of institutional and technical capacities in the countryis prerequisite. Transnational Education (TNE) provides institutional mobility in tertiary education and through British Council facilitated links we were successful in developing a much needed baseline courses work and underway the research for environmental health related issues. The Government of Pakistan will certainly use the data from the research and experts will also be available to concerned departments to tackle emerging environmental problems. Additionally the understanding and concerns of TNE in academic, economic, career and socio-cultural contexts could be imperative challenges. Through TNE it was learned that other nations / regions can be benefitted from such institutes and concerned people for a true flow of knowledge for reciprocated problems. The recommendations include general considerations for policy makers which are linked with environmental health and wildlife. Among the general considerations, or overarching advice, is that policies should promote community-wide action to manage wildlife, biodiversity, environmental health and that the safety of new emissions and exposure with technologies must be assessed rather than estimated

Ali, M

Ali, Z

Campos, LC

Colbeck, I

Nasir, ZA

Riaz, N

The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences

Pakistan, the sixth most populous country (91.71 million)in the world, is battling to keep the balance between economic
growth and environmental protection. At present the government is mainly focusing on meeting the energy and food
needs of the country and environmental protection is lacking serious attention. Pollution (air, water, and soil), sanitation
and loss of wildlife and biodiversity are growing environmental health issues in Pakistan. In order to deliver demand led
solutions to these multifaceted challenges development of institutional and technical capacities in the countryis
prerequisite. Transnational Education (TNE) provides institutional mobility in tertiary education and through British
Council facilitated links we were successful in developing a much needed baseline courses work and underway the
research for environmental health related issues. The Government of Pakistan will certainly use the data from the
research and experts will also be available to concerned departments to tackle emerging environmental problems.
Additionally the understanding and concerns of TNE in academic, economic, career and socio-cultural contexts could be
imperative challenges. Through TNE it was learned that other nations / regions can be benefitted from such institutes and
concerned people for a true flow of knowledge for reciprocated problems. The recommendations include general
considerations for policy makers which are linked with environmental health and wildlife. Among the general
considerations, or overarching advice, is that policies should promote community-wide action to manage wildlife,
biodiversity, environmental health and that the safety of new emissions and exposure with technologies must be assessed
rather than estimated

Ali, Z.

Colbeck, Ian

Campos, L. C.

Nasir, Zaheer A.

Ali, M.

Riaz, N.

Cranfield CERES

Proceedings of The National Conference and Training Workshop “Wildlife and Aerobiology” held on February 6-7, 2015 Lahore, Pakistan744ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND WILDLIFE RESEARCHWITH TRANSNATIONALEDUCATION FOREBODINGS, APPLICABILITY AND APPROACHRecommendations of the Conference “Wildlife and Aerobiology”Z. Ali1*, I. Colbeck2, L. C. Campos3, Z. A. Nasir2,4, M. Ali5 and N. Riaz51Environmental Health and Wildlife, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan2School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, Essex UK3Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK4School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK5British Council, PakistanCorresponding Author’s Email: zali.zool@gmail.comPakistan, the sixth most populous country (91.71 million)in the world, is battling to keep the balance between economicgrowth and environmental protection. At present the government is mainly focusing on meeting the energy and foodneeds of the country and environmental protection is lacking serious attention. Pollution (air, water, and soil), sanitationand loss of wildlife and biodiversity are growing environmental health issues in Pakistan. In order to deliver demand ledsolutions to these multifaceted challenges development of institutional and technical capacities in the countryisprerequisite. Transnational Education (TNE) provides institutional mobility in tertiary education and through BritishCouncil facilitated links we were successful in developing a much needed baseline courses work and underway theresearch for environmental health related issues. The Government of Pakistan will certainly use the data from theresearch and experts will also be available to concerned departments to tackle emerging environmental problems.Additionally the understanding and concerns of TNE in academic, economic, career and socio-cultural contexts could beimperative challenges. Through TNE it was learned that other nations / regions can be benefitted from such institutes andconcerned people for a true flow of knowledge for reciprocated problems. The recommendations include generalconsiderations for policy makers which are linked with environmental health and wildlife. Among the generalconsiderations, or overarching advice, is that policies should promote community-wide action to manage wildlife,biodiversity, environmental health and that the safety of new emissions and exposure with technologies must be assessedrather than estimated.Wildlife and Biodiversity Issues1. Transnational Education provides a progressivebase for teaching and research in the newsubjects such as environmental health, wildlifeand biodiversity at tertiary education level.Since the understanding developed betweeninstitutions of the world that environment andwildlife issues have global perspectives so thecourses focusing on wildlife interactions,distributions, populations and habitat use, aremuch needed to prepare a cadre of researchbiologists to ensure sound management forwildlife and biodiversity.2. Without a clear understanding of the biology ofour wildlife species, we cannot plan or predictthe effects of management strategies. Newresearch projects should include a fieldcomponent designed to collect data on specificwildlife species and to test specific hypothesisabout factors regulating wildlife populations.3. Research results should be used to informmanagement strategies/policy for wildlife andbiodiversity within the district, as well as atprovincial and federal government agencies.4. All the districts should be responsible forcollating existing research relating to wildlifespecies, and the interactions between thesespecies and their habitats.5. Sensitive habitats should be identified anddesigned to maintain ecosystem health.Therefore it is recommended to execute GISsupport to use spatial data to identify vulnerableareas for wildlife and biodiversity.6. Field studies should be completed to providepopulation estimates or relative abundanceestimates, and this information coupled withtrend data gathered from hunter/trapper returns.7. This information should be used to developannual and long-term management plans for theprovince’s wildlife species, covering issuesrelated to quota allocation, animal-humanconflict issues, hunting and trapping seasons,and zone boundaries.8. Captive animals in zoos should be kept inhealthy environments with the applications ofinternational zoo norms with housing, upkeep,Aliet al., J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25 (3 Supp. 2) 2015Proceedings of The National Conference and Training Workshop “Wildlife and Aerobiology” held on February 6-7, 2015 Lahore, Pakistan745health care, adequate space for free movementswith successful breeding programmes.Environmental Health IssuesExposure to ambient air pollution, particularly,in urban centres and indoor air pollution due to use ofsolid fuels as household fuel and lack of access to safewater and sanitation facilities are major public healthconcern in the country. The measurement of air pollutionis essential to ensure air quality standards are being met.Great progress has been made in recent years indeveloping techniques to monitor pollutants. Recentmonitoring campaigns have revealed that the levels ofdifferent air pollutants, particularly, particulate matter aresignificantly higher than the Pakistan’s NationalEnvironmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for ambientair, WHO guidelines and International (USA, EU)ambient air quality standards.Monitoring is an essential component in theeffort to control and understand the effects of pollution,even though the measurement of levels of pollution doesnothing in itself to make to air any safer. The followingrecommendations could lead towards betterenvironmental health conditions.1. Emissions of air pollutants should be categorizedbased on the spatial characteristics of the sourceincluding point, fugitive, and mobile sources and,further, by process, such as combustion, materialsstorage, or other sector specific processes.2. The generation and release of emissions of any typeshould be managed through a combination of:• Energy use efficiency• Process modification• Selection of fuels or other materials, theprocessing of which may result in less pollutingemissions• Application of emissions control techniques• Air monitoring programme3. Industries with significant sources of air emissions,and potential for significant impacts to ambient airquality, should prevent or minimize impacts byensuring that:• Emissions do not result in pollutantconcentrations that reach or exceed relevantambient quality guidelines and standards.• Emissions do not contribute a significant portionto the attainment of relevant ambient air qualityguidelines or standards.4. PM2.5 in diesel exhaust can exacerbate respiratoryillness, and chronic exposure to diesel exhaust mayincrease the risk of lung cancer. The impact of dieselemissions on the lung cancer risk should beidentified.5. There is a need for sensitive and specific early-warning indicators that air has been contaminated.Such indicators would allow researchers to predictwhether there enough pollution is there to affect airquality and hence human health.6. Knowledge of the fate and transport of pollutants isrequiredi. To determine whether pollutants can migrate topublic,ii. To identify early-warning indicators, andiii. To estimate the transit time of target pollutantsand identify suitable remediation strategies.Interaction between the pollutant and particle phasedetermines the speed of pollutant transport andwhether the pollutants can reach unbearable limits.7. The toxicological properties of the chemicals aloneor in complex mixtures have to be identifiedindifferent sets of environmental conditions.8. Airborne emissions may affect indoor residential airquality when they penetrate the indoor environments.The penetration level should be identified in allresidential settings.9. Prospective longitudinal epidemiologic studiesshould also include environmental sampling and/orbio-monitoring of exposures to demonstrate a dose-or exposure-dependent association with the endpoint(s) being measured. Studies should includeoccupational exposure and vulnerable populations(e.g., pregnant women, children, the elderly, andindividuals with asthma).10. Investment in water and sanitation infrastructure isurgently needed to improve population health.11. Focus on socio environmental determinants ofdifferent environmental hazards is required to informand develop mitigation strategies.12. Community-based participatory research willprovide a framework for engaging communitymembers in research and could be effectively appliedto a number of environmental health problems.13. The World Health Organisation reports that almost 3billion people, in low- and middle-income countriesmostly, still rely on solid fuels (wood, animal dung,charcoal, crop wastes and coal) burned in inefficientstoves for cooking and heating.Regional and WHOindoor air quality guidelines for household fuelcombustioncan help public health policy-makers, aswell as specialists working on energy,environmental and other issues to devise bestapproaches to reduce household air pollution - thegreatest environmental health risk in the worldtoday.14. An urgent attention is needed for solid wastemanagement in urban areas and burning of wasteshould be strictly prohibited15. All the small industries should be moved out ofresidential areas to designated small industriesestates out of city centres.

English

Environmental health and wildlife research with transnational education forebodings, applicability and approach

University of Essex Research Repository

Aliet al., J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25 (3 Supp. 2) 2015Proceedings of The National Conference and Training Workshop “Wildlife and Aerobiology” held on February 6-7, 2015 Lahore, Pakistan744ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND WILDLIFE RESEARCHWITH TRANSNATIONALEDUCATION FOREBODINGS, APPLICABILITY AND APPROACHRecommendations of the Conference “Wildlife and Aerobiology”Z. Ali1*, I. Colbeck2, L. C. Campos3, Z. A. Nasir2,4, M. Ali5 and N. Riaz51Environmental Health and Wildlife, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan2School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, Essex UK3Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK4School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK5British Council, PakistanCorresponding Author’s Email: zali.zool@gmail.comPakistan, the sixth most populous country (91.71 million)in the world, is battling to keep the balance between economicgrowth and environmental protection. At present the government is mainly focusing on meeting the energy and foodneeds of the country and environmental protection is lacking serious attention. Pollution (air, water, and soil), sanitationand loss of wildlife and biodiversity are growing environmental health issues in Pakistan. In order to deliver demand ledsolutions to these multifaceted challenges development of institutional and technical capacities in the countryisprerequisite. Transnational Education (TNE) provides institutional mobility in tertiary education and through BritishCouncil facilitated links we were successful in developing a much needed baseline courses work and underway theresearch for environmental health related issues. The Government of Pakistan will certainly use the data from theresearch and experts will also be available to concerned departments to tackle emerging environmental problems.Additionally the understanding and concerns of TNE in academic, economic, career and socio-cultural contexts could beimperative challenges. Through TNE it was learned that other nations / regions can be benefitted from such institutes andconcerned people for a true flow of knowledge for reciprocated problems. The recommendations include generalconsiderations for policy makers which are linked with environmental health and wildlife. Among the generalconsiderations, or overarching advice, is that policies should promote community-wide action to manage wildlife,biodiversity, environmental health and that the safety of new emissions and exposure with technologies must be assessedrather than estimated.Wildlife and Biodiversity Issues1. Transnational Education provides a progressivebase for teaching and research in the newsubjects such as environmental health, wildlifeand biodiversity at tertiary education level.Since the understanding developed betweeninstitutions of the world that environment andwildlife issues have global perspectives so thecourses focusing on wildlife interactions,distributions, populations and habitat use, aremuch needed to prepare a cadre of researchbiologists to ensure sound management forwildlife and biodiversity.2. Without a clear understanding of the biology ofour wildlife species, we cannot plan or predictthe effects of management strategies. Newresearch projects should include a fieldcomponent designed to collect data on specificwildlife species and to test specific hypothesisabout factors regulating wildlife populations.3. Research results should be used to informmanagement strategies/policy for wildlife andbiodiversity within the district, as well as atprovincial and federal government agencies.4. All the districts should be responsible forcollating existing research relating to wildlifespecies, and the interactions between thesespecies and their habitats.5. Sensitive habitats should be identified anddesigned to maintain ecosystem health.Therefore it is recommended to execute GISsupport to use spatial data to identify vulnerableareas for wildlife and biodiversity.6. Field studies should be completed to providepopulation estimates or relative abundanceestimates, and this information coupled withtrend data gathered from hunter/trapper returns.7. This information should be used to developannual and long-term management plans for theprovince’s wildlife species, covering issuesrelated to quota allocation, animal-humanconflict issues, hunting and trapping seasons,and zone boundaries.8. Captive animals in zoos should be kept inhealthy environments with the applications ofinternational zoo norms with housing, upkeep,Short CommunicationsThe Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 25(3 Supp. 2) 2015 Special Issue Page: 744-745ISSN: 1018-7081Aliet al., J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25 (3 Supp. 2) 2015Proceedings of The National Conference and Training Workshop “Wildlife and Aerobiology” held on February 6-7, 2015 Lahore, Pakistan745health care, adequate space for free movementswith successful breeding programmes.Environmental Health IssuesExposure to ambient air pollution, particularly,in urban centres and indoor air pollution due to use ofsolid fuels as household fuel and lack of access to safewater and sanitation facilities are major public healthconcern in the country. The measurement of air pollutionis essential to ensure air quality standards are being met.Great progress has been made in recent years indeveloping techniques to monitor pollutants. Recentmonitoring campaigns have revealed that the levels ofdifferent air pollutants, particularly, particulate matter aresignificantly higher than the Pakistan’s NationalEnvironmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for ambientair, WHO guidelines and International (USA, EU)ambient air quality standards.Monitoring is an essential component in theeffort to control and understand the effects of pollution,even though the measurement of levels of pollution doesnothing in itself to make to air any safer. The followingrecommendations could lead towards betterenvironmental health conditions.1. Emissions of air pollutants should be categorizedbased on the spatial characteristics of the sourceincluding point, fugitive, and mobile sources and,further, by process, such as combustion, materialsstorage, or other sector specific processes.2. The generation and release of emissions of any typeshould be managed through a combination of:• Energy use efficiency• Process modification• Selection of fuels or other materials, theprocessing of which may result in less pollutingemissions• Application of emissions control techniques• Air monitoring programme3. Industries with significant sources of air emissions,and potential for significant impacts to ambient airquality, should prevent or minimize impacts byensuring that:• Emissions do not result in pollutantconcentrations that reach or exceed relevantambient quality guidelines and standards.• Emissions do not contribute a significant portionto the attainment of relevant ambient air qualityguidelines or standards.4. PM2.5 in diesel exhaust can exacerbate respiratoryillness, and chronic exposure to diesel exhaust mayincrease the risk of lung cancer. The impact of dieselemissions on the lung cancer risk should beidentified.5. There is a need for sensitive and specific early-warning indicators that air has been contaminated.Such indicators would allow researchers to predictwhether there enough pollution is there to affect airquality and hence human health.6. Knowledge of the fate and transport of pollutants isrequiredi. To determine whether pollutants can migrate topublic,ii. To identify early-warning indicators, andiii. To estimate the transit time of target pollutantsand identify suitable remediation strategies.Interaction between the pollutant and particle phasedetermines the speed of pollutant transport andwhether the pollutants can reach unbearable limits.7. The toxicological properties of the chemicals aloneor in complex mixtures have to be identifiedindifferent sets of environmental conditions.8. Airborne emissions may affect indoor residential airquality when they penetrate the indoor environments.The penetration level should be identified in allresidential settings.9. Prospective longitudinal epidemiologic studiesshould also include environmental sampling and/orbio-monitoring of exposures to demonstrate a dose-or exposure-dependent association with the endpoint(s) being measured. Studies should includeoccupational exposure and vulnerable populations(e.g., pregnant women, children, the elderly, andindividuals with asthma).10. Investment in water and sanitation infrastructure isurgently needed to improve population health.11. Focus on socio environmental determinants ofdifferent environmental hazards is required to informand develop mitigation strategies.12. Community-based participatory research willprovide a framework for engaging communitymembers in research and could be effectively appliedto a number of environmental health problems.13. The World Health Organisation reports that almost 3billion people, in low- and middle-income countriesmostly, still rely on solid fuels (wood, animal dung,charcoal, crop wastes and coal) burned in inefficientstoves for cooking and heating.Regional and WHOindoor air quality guidelines for household fuelcombustioncan help public health policy-makers, aswell as specialists working on energy,environmental and other issues to devise bestapproaches to reduce household air pollution - thegreatest environmental health risk in the worldtoday.14. An urgent attention is needed for solid wastemanagement in urban areas and burning of wasteshould be strictly prohibited15. All the small industries should be moved out ofresidential areas to designated small industriesestates out of city centres.

Environmental health and wildlife researchwith transnational education forebodings, applicability and approach

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Environmental health and wildlife researchwith transnational education forebodings, applicability and approach

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