Publications from International Organizations on Public Healt

Rossi, Anna Maria

English

Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità

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Anna Maria Rossi
Ann Ist Super Sanità 2020  |  Vol. 56, No. 1: 130-132
DOI: 10.4415/ANN_20_01_20
Publications from international organizations 
on Public HealtH
130
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO)
Antimicrobial movement from agricultural areas 
to the environment: The missing link. A role for 
nuclear techniques. Rome: Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization of the United Nations. 2019, 44 p. ISBN 
978 92 513 1648 1 Antimicrobials (AM) play a critical 
role in the treatment of human and animal (aquatic and 
terrestrial) diseases, which has led to their widespread 
application and use. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) 
is the ability of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses 
and some parasites) to stop an antibiotic, such as an 
antimicrobial, antiviral or antimalarial, from working 
against them. Globally, about 700 000 deaths per year 
arise from resistant infections as a result of the fact that 
antimicrobial drugs have become less effective at kill-
ing resistant pathogens. Antimicrobial chemicals that 
are present in environmental compartments can trig-
ger the development of AMR. These chemicals can 
also cause antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) to further 
spread antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) because they 
may have an evolutionary advantage over non-resistant 
bacteria. This paper will provide alternative screening 
methods useful for environmental samples and surveil-
lance approaches in planning such screening efforts. 
Based on case studies, this paper aims to summarize 
the current understanding of the occurrence of ARG in 
the environment, and the antimicrobial movement from 
agricultural areas to the environment. 
Taking a multisectoral, One Health approach: A 
tripartite guide to addressing zoonotic diseases 
in countries. Food and Agriculture Organization of 
the United Nations, World Organisation for Animal 
Health, World Health Organization 2019, 164 p. ISBN 
978 92 513 1236 0 Every day we hear about health chal-
lenges at the human-animal-environment interface. Zo-
onotic diseases such as avian influenza, rabies, Ebola, 
and Rift Valley fever continue to have major impacts 
on health, livelihoods, and economies. These health 
threats cannot be effectively addressed by one sector 
alone. Multidisciplinary and multisectoral collaboration 
is needed to tackle them and to reduce their impacts. 
As a way to support countries in taking a One Health 
approach to address zoonotic diseases, this guide has 
been jointly developed by the Tripartite organizations 
(FAO, OIE, and WHO). It is referred to as the Tripar-
tite Zoonotic Guide (TZG) and it is flexible enough to 
be used for other health threats at the human-animal-
environment interface; for example, food safety and 
antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The TZG provides 
principles, best practices and options to assist countries 
in achieving sustainable and functional collaboration at 
the human-animal-environment interface. 
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION 
(ILO)
Bureau for Employers’ Activities (ACT/EMP). Women 
in Business and Management: The business case 
for change. Geneva: ILO. 2019, 149 p. ISBN 978 
92 213 3168 1 This second global report on Women 
in Business and Management offers new insights into 
how gender diversity at the top improves organizational 
performance. These include how the many dimensions 
of an organization’s policies, a gender-balanced work-
force and a gender-inclusive culture, among other fac-
tors, move the needle for more women to hold decision-
making power.
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC  
CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 
(OECD)
The digitalisation of science, technology and in-
novation. Key developments and policies. Par-
is: OECD. 2020, 182 p. ISBN 978 92 644 2725 9 
doi:10.1787/b9e4a2c0-en This report examines digitali-
sation’s effects on science, technology and innovation 
and the associated consequences for policy. In varied 
and far-reaching ways, digital technologies are changing 
how scientists work, collaborate and publish. While ex-
amining these developments, this book also assesses the 
effects of digitalisation on longstanding policy themes, 
from access to publicly funded research data, to the dif-
fusion of technology and its absorption by firms. New 
and emerging topics are also explored. These include 
the roles of artificial intelligence and blockchain in sci-
ence and production, using digital technology to draw 
on the collective intelligence of the scientific commu-
nity, advances in the digitalisation of biotechnology, and 
possible “dark sides” of digitalisation.
Rochai M, Faldutoi C. Key questions guiding the 
process of setting up long-term low-emissions 
development strategies. Paris: OECD. 2019, 52 p. 
doi:10.1787/54c2d2cc-en The Paris Agreement states 
that all countries should strive to formulate and com-
municate long-term low greenhouse gas emission de-
velopment strategies (LT-LEDS) and the Paris Agree-
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ment’s accompanying decision invites countries to 
communicate a LT-LEDS by 2020. LT-LEDS are a 
fundamental tool available to countries to envision low-
emission development in alignment with broader sus-
tainability, socio-economic and climate change adapta-
tion goals. This document aims to support countries’ 
efforts in the development of LT-LEDS, as it provides 
points of reflection for the establishment of an effective 
process for developing LT-LEDS. The document dis-
cusses potential elements to be included in a LT-LEDS; 
identifies and explores potential linkages between Na-
tionally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and LT-
LEDS; examines governance options for setting up a 
LT-LEDS process and analyses countries’ experience to 
date in developing LT-LEDS. The paper also provides a 
set of guiding questions useful for the development of 
LT-LEDS.
Main science and technology indicators. Paris: 
OECD. 2019, Issue 1 This biannual publication pro-
vides a set of indicators that reflect the level and struc-
ture of the efforts undertaken by OECD member coun-
tries and seven non-member economies (Argentina, 
People’s Republic of China, Romania, Russian Federa-
tion, Singapore, South Africa, Chinese Taipei) in the 
field of science and technology. These data include final 
or provisional results as well as forecasts established 
by government authorities. The indicators cover the 
resources devoted to research and development, pat-
ent families and international trade in R&D-intensive 
industries. Also presented are the underlying economic 
series used to calculate these indicators. Series are pre-
sented for a reference year and for the last six years for 
which data are available.
UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME ON HIV/
AIDS (UNAIDS) 
Cities on the road to success - Good practices in 
the Fast-Track cities initiative to end AIDS. Ge-
neva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 
December 2019, 96 p. (UNAIDS/JC2969). The Fast-
Track cities initiative was launched in 2014 when may-
ors from 26 global cities met and endorsed the Paris 
Declaration on Fast-Track Cities Ending the AIDS Epi-
demic (the Paris Declaration). Since then, more than 
300 cities and municipalities have endorsed the decla-
ration. Cities play a critical role in both the AIDS epi-
demic and the response. On the one hand, more than 
half of the world’s population currently lives in cities, 
and in most countries, cities account for a large and 
growing proportion of the national HIV burden. Risk 
and vulnerability to HIV is often higher in cities than 
rural areas due to a range of factors, such as migration, 
overcrowding, and social and economic inequalities. 
Urbanization may also bring about cultural and social 
changes that provide increased opportunities for HIV 
risk behaviour, and key populations, who are at higher 
risk of HIV exposure, are often concentrated in urban 
areas. On the other hand, cities offer advantages and 
important opportunities for programming, effective ac-
tion and innovations to end AIDS. This report describes 
activities and good practices from a selection of Fast-
Track cities that represent a range of experiences: from 
low-burden, high-income countries in the global north 
to high- and low-burden countries in Africa, Asia, east-
ern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean. These 
are examples of cities that have addressed barriers to 
the response and optimized service delivery to all citi-
zens, including marginalized and vulnerable popula-
tions.  This report also describes innovative approaches 
that have strengthened HIV prevention and treatment 
services and improved outcomes in the HIV response.
Global AIDS Monitoring 2020. Indicators for 
monitoring the 2016 Political Declaration on 
Ending AIDS. Geneva: Joint United Nations Pro-
gramme on HIV/AIDS. 2019, 176 p. The purpose of 
this document is to provide guidance to national AIDS 
programmes and partners on the use of indicators to 
measure and report on the country HIV response. It 
focuses on the five-year period ending in 2021, but it 
also covers the period of the Sustainable Development 
Goals (SDGs) (through 2030) and the integration of 
the global HIV response into the broader develop-
ment agenda. Although governments have adopted the 
2016 Political Declaration on Ending AIDS, its vision 
extends far beyond the government sector, reaching 
private industry and labour groups, faith-based organi-
zations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and 
other civil society entities, including those representing 
people living with HIV. As indicated in the 2016 Po-
litical Declaration on Ending AIDS, a successful AIDS 
response should be measured by the achievement of 
concrete, time-bound targets. These guidelines are de-
signed to improve the quality and consistency of data 
collected at the country level, enhancing the accuracy 
of the conclusions drawn at the national, regional and 
global levels. Countries should also develop national 
and programme indicators that capture the specific 
goals of both their national strategic plan for HIV and 
their particular context.
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT 
PROGRAMME (UNEP)
 
Emissions Gap Report 2019. Nairobi: United Na-
tions Environment Programme. 2019, 108 p. This tenth 
edition of UNEP Emissions Gap Report presents the 
latest data on the expected gap in 2030 for the 1.5°C 
and 2°C temperature targets of the Paris Agreement. 
It provides an independent . assessment of scientific 
studies on current and estimated future greenhouse gas 
(GHG) emissions and compares these with the emis-
sion levels permissible for the world to progress on a 
least-cost pathway to achieve the goals of the Paris 
Agreement. This difference between “where we are like-
ly to be and where we need to be” has become known 
as the ‘emissions gap’. As in previous years, this report 
explores some of the most promising and applicable op-
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tions available for countries to bridge the gap, with a fo-
cus on how to create transformational change and just 
transitions. It looks at the potential of the energy transi-
tion – particularly in the power, transport and buildings 
sectors – and efficiency in the use of materials such as 
iron steel and cement. Reflecting on the report’s overall 
conclusions, it is evident that incremental changes will 
not be enough and there is a need for rapid and trans-
formational action. It shows that despite a decade of 
increased focus on climate change, global GHG emis-
sions have not been curbed and the emissions gap is 
now larger than ever. It is clear that the world cannot 
afford another decade lost. For the first time, it looks at 
how large annual cuts would need to be from 2020 to 
2030 to stay on track to meeting the Paris goals.
Boileau P, Ekins P, Gupta J. (Eds.) Global Environ-
ment Outlook – GEO-6: healthy planet, healthy 
people. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Pro-
gramme. 2019, 745 p. Job Number: DEW/2214/NA 
ISBN 978 11 087 0766 4 doi:10.1017/9781108627146
UN Environment’s sixth Global Environment Outlook 
(2019) calls on decision makers to take immediate ac-
tion to address pressing environmental issues to achieve 
the Sustainable Development Goals as well as other In-
ternationally Agreed Environment Goals, such as the 
Paris Agreement. By bringing together a community of 
hundreds of scientists, peer reviewers and collaborat-
ing institutions and partners, the GEO reports build on 
sound scientific knowledge to provide governments, lo-
cal authorities, businesses and individual citizens with 
the information needed to guide societies to a truly sus-
tainable world by 2050. GEO-6 builds on the findings 
of previous GEO reports, including the six regional as-
sessments (2016), and outlines the current state of the 
environment, illustrates possible future environmental 
trends and analyses the effectiveness of policies. This 
flagship report shows how governments can put the 
world on the path to a truly sustainable future. It em-
phasizes that urgent and inclusive action is needed by 
decision makers at all levels to achieve a healthy planet 
with healthy people.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
Inequality monitoring in immunization: a step-
by-step manual. Geneva: World Health Organization. 
2019, 81 p. CHF 20.00/US $ 20.00 Order Number: 
19300407 ISBN 978 92 415 1653 2. The manual is an 
introductory guide to inequality monitoring in the topic 
of immunization. Aiming to build capacity for the up-
take and improvement of inequality monitoring practic-
es in immunization, the manual was primarily designed 
for monitoring and evaluation officers for immuniza-
tion, and may also be of interest for other readers with 
basic knowledge and experience working with immu-
nization data. It is organized in five sections, illustrat-
ing how the five steps (and corresponding sub-steps) 
of health inequality monitoring apply to immunization. 
From the first step of determining the scope of moni-
toring to the fifth step of knowledge translation, con-
temporary considerations and examples for immuniza-
tion inequality monitoring are highlighted. Step-by-step 
guidance, including key questions and best practices for 
each sub-step, are summarized in a flow chart. Addi-
tional information is provided through appendices and 
a glossary of terms.
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. 
Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019, 210 p. 
CHF 40.00/US $  0.00 ISBN 978 92 415 1620 4. The 
report tracks the status of the tobacco epidemic and 
interventions to combat it. It finds that more countries 
have implemented tobacco control policies, ranging 
from graphic pack warnings and advertising bans to 
no smoking areas. About 5 billion people – 65% of the 
world’s population – are covered by at least one compre-
hensive tobacco control measure, which has more than 
quadrupled since 2007 when only 1 billion people and 
15% of the world’s population were covered.
Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Saracci R, et al. Reduc-
ing social inequalities in cancer: evidence and pri-
orities for research. Geneva: World Health Organi-
zation. 2019, 272 p. (IARC Scientific Publication; 168) 
CHF 50.00/US $ 50.00 Order Number: 17300168 
ISBN 978 92 832 2223 7. This volume summarizes 
the current scientific evidence and identifies research 
priorities needed to decrease social inequalities in can-
cer. The publication, based on the expert knowledge of 
more than 70 international scientists from multiple dis-
ciplines, undertakes a populations-within-populations 
approach, highlighting the large variations in cancer 
incidence, survival, and mortality that exist between 
countries and, within countries, between social groups. 
Several factors may lead individuals with low social sta-
tus to adopt unhealthy behaviours, to be exposed to a 
wider range and a higher intensity of cancer risk fac-
tors, and to have reduced access to health-care services, 
compared with their fellow citizens. A special focus is 
given to how the phenomenon of inequalities in cancer 
evolves and is reshaped over time, driven by economic, 
social, political, legislative, and technological forces; it 
affects everyone, but the most disadvantaged individu-
als are particularly hard hit. This publication was devel-
oped to serve as a reference for policy-makers and pub-
lic health officials, linking to specific examples of inter-
ventions that may reduce future inequalities in cancer.


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