B. SUNARNO & F. HALLE. 1986, Arsitektur jenis-jenis gulma dikotil di beberapa daerah Banyumas, Jawa Tengah. Bcriia Biologi 3(4): 146 - 154 Pengamatan lapangan dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis gulma dikotil yang pola pertumbuhannya mirip dengan model arsitektur pohon.Hasilnya menunjukkan adanya 14 model pada 180 jenis gulma yang tumbuh di 4 daerah Kecamatandi Kabupaten Banyumas.Model yang paling umum dijumpai adalah model STONE, model LEETJWENBERG dan model ATTIMS.Suku yang dianggap kaya dengan model antara lain Euphorbiaceae (10 jenis).Lamiaceae (14 jenis), Papilionaceae (20 jenis) yang masing-masing memiliki 5 model dan Asteraceae (37 jenis) dengan 4 model.Marga polimorfik dijumpai pada Cassia, Desmodium, dan Lindernia yang masing-masing dengan 3 model dan pada Mimosa. Ocimum, Polygala serta Pluchea masing-masing memiliki 2 model.Dalam penelitian ini tidak diketemukan model arsitektur yang baru

HALLE, F.

SUNARNO, B.

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146 BERITA BIOLOGI 3 (4) April 1986ARCHITECTURE OF DICOTYLEDONOUS WEEDS IN SOME AREAS OFBANYUMAS REGENCY CENTRAL JAVAB. SUNARNOHerbarium Bogoriense LBN-LIPI, BogorF. HALLELaboratoire de Botanique, Institutt/e Botanique, Montpeller, FranceABSTRAK : -iB. SUNARNO & F. HALLE. 1986, Arsitekturjenis-jenis gulma dik^til di beberapa daerah Banyu-mas, Jawa Tengah. Bcriia Biologi 3(4): 146 - 154— Pengamatan lapangan dilakukan untuk menge-tahui jenis-jenis gulma dikotil yang pola pertum-buhannya mirip dengan model arsitektur pohon.Hasilnya menunjukkan adanya 14 model pada 180jenis gulma yang tumbuh di 4 daerah Kecamatandi Kabupaten Banyumas. Model yang paling umumdijumpai adalah model STONE, model LEETJ-WENBERG dan model ATTIMS. Suku yang di-anggap kaya dengan model antara lain Euphor-biaceae (10 jenis). Lamiaceae (14 jenis), Papilio-naceae (20 jenis) yang masing-masing memiliki 5model dan Asteraceae (37 jenis) dengan 4 model.Marga polimorfik dijumpai pada Cassia, Desmo-dium, dan Lindernia yang masing-masing dengan 3model dan pada Mimosa. Ocimum, Polygala sertaPluchea masing-masing memiliki 2 model. Dalampenelitian ini tidak diketemukan model arsitekturyang baru.INTRODUCTIONThe tree architecture has been considered asvisible, morphological expression of genetic blue-print of a tree at any one time. The series of treearchitectures in an ideal circumstance determinesthe growth program that is genetically stable. Thegrowth program which determines the successivearchitectural phases is here referred as a model.There are 24 recognized tree models in which 23models have been named after well known botanists(Halle et al. 1978).On the basis of architectural model merelyas an important approach to the understanding ofplant constructional principles regardless of size,Cremers (1973), Cremers (1974) and Jeannoda-Robinson (1977) analyzed the architecture oflianes and herbaceous plants. The diversity ofweed species with varying morphological featuresis a great source with respect to the occurrence ofvarious models. But little attention has been paidto weed architecture. The concept of weed isextended accordingly, to include plants having arapid vegetative and generative growth, numerousfruits and seeds, wide tolerance to environmentalfactors, and high competitive ability (Baker 1974).In this context weeds include ruderal plants, agri-cultural weeds, and herbs and other wild plantswith a height not exceeding 3 meters with low-branching appearance.The present study is mainly concerned withdescription of the architecture of dicotyledonousweeds which conform to tree models growing infollowed land in Centra! Java.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe observation was conducted in Wangon.Purwokerto. Baturaden and Cilongok, Banyumasregency. Central Java. The Backer & Bakhuizen vanden Brink Jr.'s (1963 - 1968) Flora of Java wasused for identification of specimen. Each archi-tectural phase and the natural habits of the ob-served weeds were diagramatically illustrated. Deter-mination of architectural models, at least aftercarefull examination of all considerable phases,was carried following Halle et al. (1978).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe 180 weed species examined, belonging to111 genera and 42 families, conform to 14 knowntree models (Table 1). The rapid flowering andfruiting of the majority of species during theexamination was the main difficulty in the deter-mination of the models. The differentiation ofgrowing tips into flowers or inflorescences super-sede the branch formation. This phenomenon isBERITA BIOLOGI 3 (4) April 1986 147known as "neoteny" (Halle et al. 1978) whichimplies the loss of several proceeding vegetative dif-ferentiation sequences. In determining the models.therefore, it was necessary to find individual weedswith complete branching. Neoteny is related toreproductive strategy of weeds to insure the con-tinuity of such short-live species. This contraststo the mode of life of big forest tree, whichgenerally posses a long vegetative growth periodbefore flowering. With an exception of Cassiaoccidentalis which has RAUH'S model (Halle et al.1978) rhytmic growth is rarely found in theobserved weeds.The size factor does not influence the growthpattern of any models. Oxalis corymbosa (Fig.IA)and Biophytum reinwardtii (Fig. IB) with a maxi-mum height of about 15 cm share a similar mode!with Areca catechu or Cocos nucifera (CORNFR'3model) which have more than 35 meters in ma-ximum height. Euphorbia parviflora (Fig. 2A) andBasillicumpolystachyon (Fig. 2B), herbs with 0.1 —0.5 m in height, exhibit TROLL'S and PETIT'Smodels similar to Pterocarpus indicus and Morindacitrifolia. respectively. There are numerous otherreasonable comparisons which could not be men-tioned here. Figure no. 3 shows the representativeweeds conformed with 14 of the 24 models oftrees.The families rich in models were Euphorbia-ceae (10 species), Lamiaceae (14 species) andPapilionaceae (20 species), each possessing 5 mo-dels, Asteraceae (37 species) has 4 models. Euphor-biaceae is also considered as a family rich in treemodels (Halle 1971). The common models in theobserved weeds were ATT1MS'. LEEUWENBERG'Sand STONE'S models with the conformed speciesnumber of 51 (28,3%). 48 (26,6%) and 36 (20%),respectively. The common models are appropriatelyrelated to the weed reproductive strategy as isshown by their general characteristics, i.e. pleo-nanthy. neoteny and modular in growth withnumerous inflorescences or flowers. Polymorphicgenera having three models each were Cassia,Lindernia and Desmodium and those having twomodels were Ocimum, Mimosa, Polygala and Plu-chea. No new model has been recorded in thisobservation. Distinct models initially observed insome weeds, turned out to be reduced forms ofknown models.It was concluded that the key to tree architec-tural models can be used in determining dicotyle-donous weed architectures in the field. Evidentlythe size factor does not influence architecturalmodels in plant as a whole. The difference betweenthe weed and tree architectures is only in thegrowth strategies conforming with their reproduc-tive biologies. Weeds with relatively short lifespanhave a strategy of high reproductive ability, charac-terized by neoteny and pleonanthy. Consequentlya more carefull examination is necessary beforeHalle's key to tree models is applied to weeds.Studies over a wide area to explore the architec-tural model of weeds, and observation of mono-cotyledonous species is required to make it possibleto find out new models in weeds.A CKNO WLEDGEMENTThe first author (B.S) would like to express hisgratitude to Dr. Mien A. Rifai for ,liis suggestionsand supports during the study, and to Dr. KuswataKartawinata and Dr. Soedarsbno Riswan for theirkind assistance during the preparation of themanuscript. The paper is part of the Sarjanathesis. Faculty of Biology, Sudirman University ofPurwokerto, prepared by B.S.REFERENCESBACKER.C.A.& BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINKJR. 1963/1968. Flora of Java. Vo. I - III,NVP. Noordhoff. Groningen.BAKER. H.G. 1974. The evolution of weeds.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics5 : 1 - 23.CREMFRS. G. 1973. Architecture de quelquesHanes d'Afriquefropicale. Candollea 28 : 249 —280.CREMERS. G. 1974. Architecture de quelqueshanes d'Atrique Tropicale. 2. lianes dont L'ar-chitecture est originate- Candollea 29 : 57 —110.HALLE, F. 1971. Architecture and growth oftropical trees exemplified by the Euphorbia-ceae. Biotropica 3(1) : 56 - 62.HALLE, F.. OLDEMAN R.A.A. & TOMLINSON.P.B. 1978. Tropical trees and forest; an archi-tectural analysis. Springle-verlag, Berlin.JEANNODA-ROBINSON, V. 1977. Contributiona I'etude de Varchitecture des Herbes. These.Universite de Sciences et Technique du Langu-edoc, Montpellier (Unpublished).148 BERJTA BIOLOGI 3 (4) April 1986Table 1. Architectural weed models and their mem-ber species found in the observed areasTable 1. ContinuedModels SpeciesATTIMS' Acalypha boehmerio-ides Miq.A. indica L.Alternanthera sessilisR. Br.Ammania baccifera L.A. microcarpa D.C.Barleria cristata L.Borreria alata (Aubl.)DC.B. articularis (L.f.)F .N.Will.B. brachystema (Bth.)Vahl.B. laevis (Lamk.)Griseb.FamilyEuphorbia-ceae-„-Amarantha-ceaeAmmania-ceae- „ -Acantha-ceaeRubiaceae- „ -—»—,,B. ocymoides (BurmX) - „ -R.Br.Cassia obtusifolia L.Cleome aspera Koen.Clitoria laurifolia L.Desmodium hetero-phyllum DC.D. trifolium DC.Diodia ocymifolia(R. &S.)Brem.D. sarmentosa Swartz.Dipteracanthus repens(t.) Hassk.Flemingia congestaRoxb.F. lineata Roxb.Fleurya aestuans• Gaud.F. intemtpta Gaud.HedyotisdiffusaWM.Caesalpinia-ceaeCapparida-ceaePapiHona-ceae- „ -- „ -Rubiaceae- „ -Acantha-ceaePapiliona-ceae— „ -Urtica-ceae-„—Rubia-ceaeModels Species Family iH. vertidllata (L.) Lamk. —„—H.vestita G.Don.Hyptis brevipes Poit.H. pectinata (L.)Poit.H. rhomboidea Mart. &Gal.H. suaveolens (L.) PoitImpatiens balsamina L./. platypetala lindl.Indigofera suffuticosaMill./. sumatrana Gaertn.Jussieua erecta L./. toi/o/w Vahl.Lantana camara L.i. trifolia L.Lauren tia longiflora(L.) Petern.Leucas lavandulifoliaSmith.i. zeylanica (L.) R. BrLindemia anagallis(Burm.f.) Penn.Z,. Crustacea (L.) F.v.M.—f)_Lamia-ceae—„_„ _— 1 ( —Balsamina- 'ceae—„_Papiliona-ceaeOnagraceae- „ -VerbenaceaeCampanula-ceae (Lamia ceaeS chrophula-riaceae' —i. procumbens (Crock.) —„—Philcox.Ludwigia parvifloraRoxb.i. prostrata Roxb.Poknisia viscosaDC.Poly gala glomerataLour.Scoparia dulcis L.Sesamum orientate L.Smithia sensitivaAit.Onagraceae- „ -Capparida-ceaePolygala-ceaeSchrophula-riaceaePedaliaceaePapilionaceaeBERITA BIOLOGI 3 (4) April 1986 149Table 1. Continued••JC-ii'.f Table 1. ContinuedModels Species FamilyTriumfetta indica(L.) BackerUrena lobata L.TiliaceaeMalvaceaeCHAMBER-LAIN'S Asclepias currasavica Asclepiada-L. ceaeDrosera indica L. DroseraceaeLeea rubra Bl. LeeaceaeCHAMPAG-NAT 'S Mimosa invisa Mart. MimosaceaeOrthosiphon aris- Lamiaceaetatus Miq.Rubus chrysophyl- Rosaceaelus Miq.COOK'S Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbia-L. ceaeP. urinaria L. —,,—Sauropus androgynus — „—(L.) Merr.CORNER'S Biophytum rein- Oxalidaceaewardtii Klotsch.Oxalis corymbosa DC. - „ -HOLTTUM'S Crepis japonica Bth. AsteraceaeLEEUWEN-BERG'S Achyranthes asperaL.Borreria repens DC.Capsicum frutescensL.Centipeda minima(L.) A.Br. & Asch.Qidemia hirta (L.)D. Don.Crotalaria anagyro-ides L.C. retusa L. •.,C. usaramoensisBaker f.AmaranthaceaeRubiaceaeSolanaceaeAsteraceaeMelastomaceaePapiBona-ceae—.,-Models Species FamilyCyathula prostrataBl.Eclipta prostrataEleuteranthera rude-ralis (Sw.) Sch. Bip.Galinsoga parvifloraCav.Hedyotis corymbosa(L.) Lamk.Heliotropium indi-cum L.Hemigraph is java-nica Brem.H. brunelloides(Lamk.) Brem.Lindemia ciliata(CoIsm.) Penn.L. multiflora (Roxb.)Mukherjee^Mirabilis jalapa L.Mollugo pentaphyllaL.Ocimum americanumL.O. sanctum L.O. speciesPectis ciliaris L.Peperomia pellucidaKth.Physalis angulata L.P. minima L.Pluchea sp.Poly gala paniculataL.Portulaca oleraceaL.Richardia brasili-ensis Gomez.Ricinus communisL.AmaranthaceaeAsteraceae—«—- „ -RubiaceaeBoragina-ceaeAcanthaceae—..—Schrophula-riaceae—„—Nyctagina-ceaeAizoaceaeLamiaceae- „ -- „ -AsteraceaePiperaceaeSolanaceae- „ -AsteraceaePolygalaceaePortuJaca-ceaeRubiaceaeEuphorbia-ceae150 BERITA BIOLOGI 3 (4) April 1986Table 1. Continued Takel 1. ContiunedModels Species Family Models Species FamilyLEEUWEN- Rostellularia ob-BERG'S tusa Nees.Salvia riparia H.B.K.Solanurti comitisDunaLS. melongena L. f.spontaneaS. torvum Sw.Sphaeranthus afri-canus L.S. indicus L.Spigelia anthelmiaL.SpUanthes iabadi-censis A.H. MooreS. paniculata DC.Stachytarphetaindica (L.) Vahl.S. jamaicensis (L.)„,;.. Vahl-Synedrella nodiflora(L.) Gaertn.Tephrosia noctifloraBojerWedelia montana(BL) BoerlageMCCLURE'S Polygonum barbatumL.P. chinense L.P. caespitosum BLPETIT'S Abelmoschus tnosca-tus Medik.Basilicum polysta-cfcyon (L.) Moench.; Phyllanthus made-raspatensis L.Piper aduncum L.R A U H ' S Cassia occidentalisL.Acantha-ceaeLamia ceaeSolanaceaeAsteraceae_„_LoganiaceaeAsteraceaeVerbena-ceae—„—AsteraceaePapiliona-ceaeAsteraceaePolygona-ceaeMalvaceaeLamia ceaeEuphorbia-ceaePiperaceaeCaesalpinia-ceaeS C A R R O - Bidens biternataN E ? (Lour.) She'riff.B. pilosa L.Cassia alata L.Cosmos caudatusH.BJC.Melastoma affineD.Doh.STONE'S Adenostema lavenia(L.) O.K.Ageratum conyzoidesL.A. houstonianum Mill.STONE'S Alysicarpus nummu-larifolius DC.Amaranthus lividusL.A. spinosus L.Blumea balsamifera(L.) DC5. /acera (Burm.f.)DC.B. riparia (Bl.)DC.B. mollis (DDon.) MerrJ?. sessiliflora Decne.Boerhavia erecta L.- Celosia argentea L.Chromolaena odoraia(L.) R.M.King & B.L.Rob.Desmodium capitatumDC.D. heterocarpum'hC.D. triquetrum DC.Diochrocephdia bicolor(Roth.)Sch.Dysophylla auricularia(L)BlAsteraceaeCaesalpinia-ceaeAsteraceaeMelastoma-ceaeAsteraceae—..—Papiliona-ceaeAmarantha-ceaeAsteraceae—„——,,—. - „ -- „ -Nyctagina-ceaeAmarantha-ceaeAsteraceaePapiliona-ceae- „ -—„—AsteraceaeLamia ceae3ERITA BIOLOGI 3 (4) AprilTable 1. ContinuedModels SpeciesEmilia sonchifolia(L.) Wight.Erechtites valerianifolia(Wolf.) DC.Eupaforium inulifoliumH.B.K.Flemingia strobiliferaR.Br.Gynura procumbens(Lour.) Men.Hypericum mutilum(Hornera.) Bold.Lindernia viscoso(Hornem.) Bold.Mikania cordata(Burm.f.) B.L. Rob.Nasturtium indicum L.Ocimum gratissimumL.Pluchea indica (L.) LessSonchus arvemis L.Sphenoclea zeylanicaGaertn.Tridax procumbens L.Vemonia cinerea (L.)Less.V. patula (Dryand.) Mer:1986FamilyAsteraceae—„——„—Papiliona-ceaeAsteraceaeHyperica-ceaeSchrophu-iariaceaeAsteraceaeBrasicaceaeLamia ceaeAsteraceaeSphenoclea-ceaeAsteraceae—„_[. —„—Table 1. ContinuedModelsTOMLIN-SON'STROLL'SSpeciesCentella asiatica Urb .Elephantopus scaberL.Eryngium foetidumL.Aeschynomene ante-ricana L.Corchorus acuta-ngulus Lamk.Euphorbia hirta L.E. microphylla Ro th .E. parviflora L.Desmodium gangeti-cum DC.Ficus hirta L.F. quercifolia Roxb .Mimosa asperata L.M. pudica L.Pilea microphyllaLiebm.Sida acuta L.Sida retusa L.Sida rhombifolia L.15:FamilyApiaceae -Asteraceae: ApiaceaePapiHona-ceaeTiliaceaeEuphorbia-;ceaePapiUona-ceaeMora ceaei)Mimosaceae»»UrticaceaeMalvaceae—,—- „ -152 BERITA BIOLOGI 3 (4) April 1986BERITA BJOLOGI 3 (4) April 1986 153154 BERITA BIOLOGI 3 (4) April 1986CORNER CHAMBERLAIN TOMLINSONRAUHCOOKFig. 3 : 'The observed 14 weed models in the study(example for the member species see table 1)

ARCHITECTURE OF DICOTYLEDONOUS WEEDS IN SOME AREAS OF BANYUMAS REGENCY CENTRAL JAVA

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ARCHITECTURE OF DICOTYLEDONOUS WEEDS IN SOME AREAS OF BANYUMAS REGENCY CENTRAL JAVA

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