Chydenanthus is accepted as a monotypic genus and its type species C. excelsus (Bl.) Miers is redescribed. C. dentato-serratus R. Knuth belongs to Barringtonia and is thus excluded from the genus

Kartawinata, Kuswata

REINWARDTIA

English

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R E I N W A R D T I APublished by Herbarium Bogoriense — LBN, BogorVol. 10, Part 1, pp. 27 — 34 (1982)CHYDENANTHUS MIERS (LECYTHIDACEAE)KUSWATA KARTAWINATAHerbarium Bogoriense — LBN, Bogor, IndonesiaABSTRACTChydenanthus is accepted as a monotypic genus and its type speciesC. excelsus (Bl.) Miers is redescribed. C. dentato-serratus R. Knuthbelongs to Barringtonia and is thus excluded from the genus.ABSTRAKChydenanthus diperlakukan sebagai suatu marga yang monotipe danpertelaan baru C. excelsus (Bl.) Miers disajikan. C. dentato-serratusR. Knuth termasuk marga Barringtonia, karena itu dikeluarkan darimarga ini.The genus Chydenanthus was established by Miers in 1875, com-prising of one species, C. excelsus (Bl.) Miers (basionym: Barringtoniaexcelsa Bl.). A second species, C. dentato-serratus R. Knuth was laterdescribed by Knuth (1939) based on a fruiting specimen collected byR. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink. It was said to differ from C. excelsusby its dentate-serrate leaves. I agree with Airy-Shaw (1949) that itdoes not belong to Chydenanthus; in all respects, in particular the spike-like inflorenscence, it matches Barringtonia, spicata Bl.The type species was earlier included in the genus Stravadium(A. P. De Candolle, 1828; Blume, 1851-1852). Barringtonia vriesei T.& B. which was established by Teijsmann and Binnendijk (1851) andlater included by Miers (1875, p. 112) in the genus Doxoma is consideredconspecific with C. excelsus.Chydenanthus is characterized by its panicled inflorescence, ascen-dent ovules, and pubescent flowers. Another feature is the presence ofminute, subulate and caducous stipules (or sometimes reduced into dots)at the base of the petioles, which are usually discernable in very youngleaves.— 27 —R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. JOThe genus, like Barringtonia and Abdulmajidia, has one-seeded fruit.The entire seed is an embryo, consisting of the inner and outer parts,which on cross section are separated by a concentric woody ring. Theseed has no cotyledons, and when germinating the plumule emerges fromone end and the radicle from the other, i.e. the Barringtonia type germi-nation (cf. De Vogel, Seedlings of Dicotyledons, 1980). The developmentof the embryo was amply described by Treub (1884).CHYDENANTHUS EXGELSUS (Bl.) MiersChydenanthus excelstis (Bl.) Miers m Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2(1): 112,t. 17, f. 5 & 20. 1875; Niedenzu in Engler & PrantI, Nat. Pf'l. Fain. 3(7) : 33. 1898;Koordcrs & Valeton, Bijdr. Booms. Java 6, in Med. 'sLands PI. Tuin Buitenzorg40: 20. 1900; Boorsma in Bull. d'Agric. Ind. Neerl. 16: 10. 1908; De Clerq, NieuwPlantk. Woordenb. Ned. Indie 199. 1909; Backer, Schoolfl. Java 54, 1911; Bekn. Fl.FIG. 1. Chydenanthus excelsus (Bl.) Miers: a) flowering branch, h) 'longitudinalsection of calyx and ovary, c) petal, d) stamens, and e) anther. — After Koorders25249 (a) and living- specimen cultivated in the Bogor Botanical Garden, Va 5 ( b - e ) .19&2] KARTAWINATA : Chydenanthus\5 mmFIG. 2. Chydenanthus excelsus (Bl.) Miers: a) ripe fruit, b) longitudinal section,and c) cross section. Note the fibrous pericarp. — After living specimen cultivatedat the Bogor Botanical Garden, Va 5.30 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 101982] KARTAWINATA: Chydenanthug 81Java, Fam. 4B, 99: 5. 1944; Backer & Bakh. v.d. Brink, Fl. Java 1: 353. 1965;Koorder, Exkurs. Fl. Java 2: 666. 1912; Greshoff in Med. 'sLands Fl. Tuin Buiten-zorg 25: 82. 1898; in Med. Dept. Landb. 17,3 (Suppl) : 118. 1913; van Dongen inPharm. Weekbl. 50: 446. 1913; in Meded. Kol. Inst. Amsterdam 123. 1913; Janssonius,Mikrogr. Holzer Java 3: 502. 1914; Anat. Bestimm. Java Holzer 81. 1940; KeyJava Woods 84. 1952; Heyne, Nutt. PI. Ned. Indie (ed. 1) 3: 343. 1917; (ed. 2)2: 1161. 1927; (ed. 3) 1: 1161. 1950; Duyster in Pharm. Weekbl. 60: 777. 1923;R. Knuth in Engl. Pflanzenreich 105 (4, 219): 56, F. 12. 1939; Airy Shaw in KewBull. 152 (excl. syn. B. cymosa C. E. C. Fischer). 1949. — Barringtonia excelsaBlume, Bijd. 17de Stuk: 1097, 1826; Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 491. 1855; C. Mueller-Berol. in Walp. Ann. 4: 852. 1857. — Stravadium excelsus (Bl.) A .P. De Candolle,Prodr. 3: 289. 1828; Blume in Fl. Serres 7: 24. 1851-1852; Greshoff, I.e. 117 — Type:Blume 1733 (L).Careya, valida (non (Bl.) Kurz) Parkinson in For. Fl. Andam. Isl. 175. 1923.Barringtonia vriesei Teijsmann & Binnendijk in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie 2:308. 1851; in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 3: 411. 1855; Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat, 1(1): 491.1855; C. Mueller-Berol. in Walp. Ann. 4: 854. 2857; Bisshop Grevelink, PI. Ned. Indie159. 1883; Niedenzu, I.e. 33; Treub in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 4: 101, t. 8. 1884.— Doxoma vriesei (T. & B.) Miers, I.e. 106.Tree up to 30 m high, 50 cm diam., bole fluted, modular. Barksmooth, greyish brown. Branchlets up to 5 mm thick, greyish brown orbrown, striate, lenticellate. Buds 3 — 4 mm long, pubescent. Leavessimple, alternate, penninerved, glabrous, papyraceous to coriaceous,membranaceous when young, elliptic to elliptic oblong, rarely elliptic-obovate or obovate, (4-)7 — 26 (130) X (1.2-)3 — 8 (11.5) cm, basegenerally cuneate, sometimes rounded; margin slightly plicate below, entireor faintly serrulate; apex acuminate, acumen up to 15 mm long, tipblunt; midrib strongly prominent beneath, prominulous or flat above;lateral nerves 7 —15 pairs, angles with the midrib about 50°, prominentbeneath, prominulous or sometimes obscure above, arcuate and anasto-mosing near margin, often branched; secondary nerves distinct, reti-culation visible or sometimes obscure above; petiole not winged, flat withsharp margin above, convex below, 10 — 20 mm long, 2 mm thick, verydark brown, when dry, greyish brown when fresh. Stipules caducous,minute, subulate or reduced to dots.Panicle terminal or subterminal, many flowered, up to 18 cm long.Rachis pulverulent to pubescent, greyish brown, striate, often lanticellate,± 5 mm diam. Pedicel velutinous, up to 5 mm long, 3 mm thick. Bractsand bracteoles velutinous outside, caducous. Bracts triangular, 5 mmlong, 3 mm wide; bracteoles 2, opposite, 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Calyxlobes 3—4, small, triangular, ciliate, velutinous outside, glabrous inside,connate at the base forming a funnel-shaped or slender urn-shaped tube,up to 2 cm long (after anthesis). Petals 4, longer than calyx lobes,loosely attached to the staminal tube, obovate, apex rounded, ± 3 cmlong, ± 1.5 cm wide, veined, thinly papyraceous, membranaceous at themargin, greenish white when fresh, dark brown when dry, pulverulent to32 REINWARDTIA [VOL. 10pubescent outside (in bud). Stamens numerous, inflexed in bud, multise-riate, the inner ones shorter and sterile, the basal part connate into a tube,the entire tube caducous, glabrous, filaments yellow (fresh), very slenderup to 4.5 cm long, tube 0.5 cm long. Anthers small, versatile, basifixed,ovoid to ellipsoid, bilocular, longitudinally dehiscent. Pollen grains pro-late to subprolate, 41—51 X 32—39 µ, tricolpate, colpi margin thick,sexine thick, reticulate the polar region with thick and blunt sexineprojection. Intrastaminal disc consists of the vertex of the ovary anda ring-like rim. Ovary inferior, biloculate, ovules ascendent, 2 in eachcell, placentation central. Styles slender, as long as stamens; stigmasimple or pin-head shaped.Fruit indehiscent, generally inserted at the terminal end of thepeduncle, bluntly quadrangular, elongate ellipsoid or obovoid, about 12 cmlong, 6 cm wide, lenticellate or warty, puberulous, crowned by the per-sistent calyx; pericarp fibrous to woody, up to 1 cm thick; fruit stalkthickened, 5 cm long, 8 mm thick. Seed one, ellipsoid, hard and stone-like when dry. Embryo large; cotyledons absent.DISTRIBUTION: Lower Burma, Andaman and Nicobar Islands,Sumatra, Java, Bali, Sumbawa, Celebes, Moluccas and New Guinea.VERNACULAR NAMES : Putat lembek (Indon.); kayu bodoh (Sumatra:Pariaman) ; besole, songgom anjing (Java: Sunda) ; besole, brosol, blun-deng, bosgol, emprak, leprak (Central and East Java); puyung-puyung(Bali); kujung (Sumbawa); kalowe (Sulawesi: Buton).U S EThe wood of this species is of little economic value. It is strongbut not very durable; the specific gravity is 0.66. The bark is fatallypoisonous (Grashoff, I.e.). Seeds contain chydenantine, a glycoside(Duyster, I.e.), and according to van Dongen (I.e.) they can be used asa fish poison and a medicine against diarrhoea. The phytochemical andpharmacological properties of this species are amply given by Boorsma(I.e.) and Duyster (I.e.).E C O L O G YThe species occurs in moist areas but is more common in drier areaswhere the dry period with a monthly rainfall of less than 60 mm canlast more than 6 months. In dry areas it grows on moist soils in valleys oralong rivers. It has been recorded as occurring in primary and secon-dary forests as well as in planted teak forests on a variety of soilsincluding those on limestone and peat swamp, from sea level to 600 m.It flowers and fruits throughout the year, but flowering seems to be morecommon from June to September and fruiting from September to Janu-ary. Flowers open at night and drop early in the morning.1982] KARTAWINATA : Chydenanthm 38ANDAMAN ISLANDS. Locality not indicated, fl , fr., anno 1899, Prain'sColl. s.n. (CAL). NICOBAR ISLANDS. S. Nicobar, Galathea River to PigmalionPoint, coastal forests on wet places with sandy loam soils, alt. 0 m, fr., July, Balw-khrisnan 3871 (L); N. Nicobar, Tree Top, Car Nicobar subtidal forests on moistloam soil, alt. 0 m, fl., May, Nair 2607 (L). SUMATRA. West Sumatra, Pariaman,stsr., Diepenhorst 2569 H.B. (BO); Ayer Mancior (Air-Mancur), alt. 360 m, ster.,Aug., Beccari 762 (L); Kuantan River, near great Mokko, loam on blue lime rocks,alt. 100 m, Pebr., ster., Koorders 10391 (BO); Riau, Indragiri, Pagerumbai, CinakoRiver, alt. 8 m, Oct., ster., 66. 26081 (A, BO, K, L, SING). South Sumatra, fl.,Forbes 2597 (L); Rupit River, alt. ± 250 m. fr., Forbes 2927 (CAL), Lampung,slope of Mt. Rate Berenong, edge of ladang, alt. 400 m, Nov., fl., Ibut 230 (BO,L, STNG); ibid., Wai Lima Estate, roadside, alt. 200 m, Dec, fl. Ibut 471 (BO, L).JAVA. Locality not indicated. Blume 1733 (L type). West Java, Tasikmalaya,Cipatujah, riverside, valley bottom, Jan., fr., Dransfield 1155 (BO). Central Java,East of Tegal, teak forest, along river alt. 60 m, Sept., fl., Beum.ee 4451 (BO); Peka-bngan, Subah, Oct., ster., Koorders 11563 (BO, L); ibid., Sept., fl., fr., Koorders11565 (BO, K, U); ibid., alt. 150 m, Jan., fl., fr., Koorders 11566 (BO); ibid., June,fl., Koorders 13363 (BO); ibid., June, ster., Koorders 13463 (BO); ibid., June, fl.,Koorders 13489 (BO); ibid., June, ster., Koorders 14266 (BO); ibid., Apr. fl.,Koorders 27U67 (BO); ibid., May, ster., Koorders 36801 (BO, L); ibid., Koorders26955 (BO); ibid., Margasari, limestone, alt. 100 m, Sept., fl., Volte 4025 (BO);ibid., Nov., fl., Koorders 5416 (BO, L); Semarang, Kedungjati, teak forest, Aug\, ster.,Koorders 5410 (BO, L); ibid., July, ster., Koorders 5411, 5412 (BO, L); ibid., March,ster., Koorders 5414, 100201 (BO); ibid., Oct., ster., Koorders 5423 (BO); ibid., Manggardistrict, Deras, Sept., fl., fr., Koorders 25249 (B, BO, L) ; ibid., Setro Batealit, alt.600 m, Dec, ster., Wagiman, Ja 3725 (A, BO, L); Karangasem, north of Wirosari,teak forest, alt. 200 m, March ster., Koorders 6415 (BO); ibid., Bontar Berjo, primaryforest, June, ster., Koorders 28364 (BO); ibid., teak, forest, Nov., ster., Koorders 34147(BO); Japara, Juwana, Taju, Ngarangan, teak forest, alt. 50 m, May, fl., KoordersS5038, 35039 (BO); North West Muria, Setio near Pecangan, old forest, alt. 300 m,Oct., fl., fr., Docters van Leeuwen-Rijnvaan 918 (BO) ; Purworejo, ster., Vorderman A22 (BO); Bagelen, Cangkrep, July, ster., Vorderman s.n. (BO); Ngorogunung, nearCelebung, ster., Kalshoven 45 (BO, L); ibid., Jan., ster., Koorders 22118 (BO, L);Cilacap, Nusakambangan, Nov., ster., Koorders 20024 (BO, L); ibid., ster., Koorders20215 (BO); ibid.. Jan., ster., Koorders 22118 (BO, L); ibid., Oct., ster., Koorders24553 (BO, K, U); ibid., Oct., fl., Koorders 24611 (BO, L); ibid., Pebr., fr., Koorders26947,26949 (BO, L) ; ibid., Pebr., Koorders 26948 (BO); ibid., Jan., ster., Koorders27509 (BO); Cilacap, Cikorol, alt. 35 m, May, ster., Verduyn Lunel, Ja 2921 (BO, L,PNH). East Java, Purwodadi, Gunung Baung, Dec, fr., Dilmy, Soejarto, Priyanto& Wirawan 24 (A, BO, K, L, SING); Jember, Puger, Aug., fl., Koorders 5418 (BO);ibid., Sept., fl., Koorders 5419 (BO, L) ; ibid., 5420 (BO, K, L); ibid., Rogojampi,Aug., ster., Koorders 5421 (BO); ibid., Oct., ster., Koorders 13182 (BO); ibid., March,fr., Koorders 30080 (BO); ibid., May, ster., Koorders 39735 (BO); Jember, Nogosari,old forest, alt. 50 m, Dec, ster., Backer 18342 (BO) ; ibid., Kemiri Sanga, old forestalt. 100 — 250 m, Apr., fr., Backer 30609 (BO); ibid., Nov. ster., Kalshoven 102(BO); ibid., Sabrang, alt, 15 m, May, ster., Aris, Ja 3354 (BO, PNH); ibid., Muncar,humid lowland, forest, alt. 5 m, Oct., ster., Becking 88 (BO); ibid., Curacabe near34 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 10Bangsalsari, alt. 50 m, Nov., fl., Kctishoven 74 (BO); Pusuruan, C. Abang nearKapuh, alt. 75 m, June, ster., Backer 8316 (BO); Surabaya, fl., Teijsmann s.n.(BO); Ngawi, Jan., ster., Beumee 1295 (BO); North of Kediri, Tanjir, Aug.,fr., Grusternik 3098 (BO); ibid., Utan Panjang, ster., den Berger s.n. (BO);Nusabarung, Oct., fl., Koorders 5422 (BO); Gunung Lanang, near Ginandong,Febr., ster., Boerigter 100s (BO); Purwo, Blambangan Reserve, ster., Sept., Hooger-werf 164 (L). Locality not indicated. Blume 1733 (type, L); Horsfield s.n. (CAL).SOUTH KALIMANTAN (S. BORNEO). G. Pamaton, fr., Korthals s.n. (L). BALI.Candikesuma, old forest, alt. 100 m, Jan., ster., de Voogd 1670 (BO, L, PNH) ;ibid., lowland forest, alt. 20 m, Apr., ster., Becking 150 (BO, L); Jembrana, fr.,Dec, Gede Ranten & Made Raditha 60/H (BO), NUSA TENGGARA (LESSERSUNDA ISLANDS). Sumbawa, Singa, alt. 500 m, July, ster., de Voogd 1621 (BO, L,PNH); Bangkat Munteh, alt. 46 m, Apr., ster., 66. 14014 (BO). SULAWESI (CELE-BES). Buton, Kambowa, Apr., fr., Walangitang, 66. 6642 (BO); Kampung Lowo-lowo, fl., fl., van Vuuren 785 (BO). MALUKU (MOLUCCAS). Ceram, Wahai, ster.,Teijsmann s.n. (BO). IRIAN JAYA (WEST NEW GUINEA). Salawati Island,Kaloal, primary forest along river, flatland, flooded during rainy season, clay soil,alt. 0 m, Oct., fl., Versteegh BW 4675 (BO, L) ; Fak-fak, Adi Island, young secondaryforest on marshy peat, alt. ca. 5 m, fr., Aug., Versteegh BW 7584 (L, LAE).CULTA. Bogor, Botanical Garden, VA. 2a, Nov., fl., Kuswata 3 (A, BO, K, L, LAE,NY, P, SING, US); ibid., VA. 5., fl., fr., Kuswata 4 (A, BM, BO, K, L, LAE, NY,P, SING, US).I wish to thank the Director of Rijksherbarium, Leiden, for the loanof the herbarium specimens.

CHYDENANTHUS MIERS (LECYTHIDACEAE)

Chydenanthus is accepted as a monotypic genus and its type species C. excelsus (Bl.) Miers is redescribed. C. dentato-serratus R. Knuth belongs to  Barringtonia and  is  thus  excluded from  the genus.<br /

CHYDENANTHUS MIERS (LECYTHIDACEAE)

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