The conidial development of Sclerographium magnum Boedijn is described and illustrated; based on this species the new aleuriosporous genus Kostermansinda Rifai is proposed

RIFAI, MIEN A.

REINWARDTIA

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S74 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7SOPRUNOV, F. F. (1958). [Predaceous fungi — Hyphomycetes and their application inthe control of pathogenic nematodes. Ashkabad. — In Russian].SUBRAMANIAN, C. V. (1963). Dactylella, Monacrosporium and Dactylina. In J. Indianbot. Soc. 42: 291—300.SUTTON, B. C. & PIROZYNSKI, K. A. (1965). Notes on microfungi. II. In Trans. Br. mycol.Soc. 48: 349—366.TUBAKI, K. (1954). Studies on the Japanese Hyphomycetes. I. Coprophilous group. InNagaoa 4: 1—20.R E I N W A R D T I APublished by Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, IndonesiaVolume 7, Part 4, pp. 375—381 (1968)KOSTERMANSINDA RIFAI GENUS NOVUM HYPHOMYCETARUMMIEN A. RIFAI *)SUMMARYThe conidial development of Sclerographium magnum Boedijn is describedand illustrated; based on this species the new aleuriosporous genus Koster-mansinda Rifai is proposed.The morphology of the conidiophores and conidia of Sclerographiumaterrimum Berk., the type species of the stilbaceous genus SclerographiumBerk., was described and illustrated in details by Hughes (1951). Themurif orm conidia of this species are radulaspores because they arise blasto-genously and produced on numerous small denticles on the somewhatdilated apices of the fasciculated conidiophores, which during the processof the conidial development elongate slightly by subapical proliferations.Therefore this genus has been correctly included in the section II ofHughes' (1953a) experimental system of classification of Hyphomycetesor in the Radulasporae of Tubaki (1963), Nilsson (1964) and Rifai & Cooke(1966).In 1960 Boedijn described Sclerographium, magnum Boedijn, basedon a collection of a fungus which he found growing on the decaying petioleof a palm species in Bogor Botanic Garden, Java. From Boedijn's descrip-tion and illustration, as well as from the results of my own observationson more recent collections of this species which were made from decayingpetioles of several palm species cultivated in Bogor Botanic Garden, it isevident that Sclerographium magnum has murogenous conidia producedby simple conidiophores, so that it is an aleuriosporous species which con-sequently should be referred to the Aleuriosporae or to the section III ofHughes' system of classification. Although Boedijn (1960) was fully awarethat this species was not at all related to Sclerographium aterrimum, henevertheless preferred to place it in the genus Sclerographium becauseof the superficial similarity between the two species, and also because ofthe artificial nature of the classification of Deuteromycetes; in recentyears, however, substantial evidence are available to show that the systemof classification proposed by Hughes (1953a), which is based on the methods*) Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor (Java), Indonesia.— 375 —876 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7of the developments of conidiophores and conidia, has great value in indi-cating the natural affinities of related genera or species of both theHyphomycetes and the Coelomycetes.Sclerographium magnum appears to have an affinity with Acrodictysbambusicola M. B. Ellis, the type species of the mononematous and muri-form spored genus Acrodictys M. B. Ellis (Ellis, 1961). It seems advisable,however, to assign the present species to a genus other than Acrodictys,because of the absence of intermediate forms between the synnematousand mononematous habit of their respective colonies; furthermore thedevelopment of the spore septation of Sclerographium magnum (vide infra)is somewhat unusual. It must be admitted that in recent years there hasbeen some doubts on the validity of synnemata to serve as a taxonomicevidence for separating genera of Hyphomycetes. The genus EndophragmiaDuvernoy & Maire (= Phragmocephala Mason & Hughes), for example,now contains both mononematous and synnematous species (Mason &Hughes, 1951; Hughes 1953, 1953a; Ellis, 1959), but in this case there areintermediate forms such as Endophragmia atra (Cooke) M. B. Ellis. Onthe other hand Barnett (1960) preferred to reserve the genera Endophrag-mia and Phragmocephala for the reception of the mononematous and syn-nematous species respectively; according to Morgan-Jones & Cole (1964)it might be necessary in the future to rearrange species of Endophragmiain some smaller genera, but these should be mainly based on charactersother than the habit of the colony. Morton & Smith (1963) maintained thatfor practical and other purposes it was best to keep the mononematousgenus Scopulariopsis Maire and the synnematous genus Doratomyces Corda(= Stysanus Corda) as two distinct genera, despite the fact that in culturethe habit of the colony of some species of both genera may integrade fromone to another; the separation of these two genera has always been widelyaccepted.In the following, therefore, a new genus based on Sclerographiummagnum is proposed and a detailed illustrated description of its morpho-logy and its conidial development is given. It gives me a distinct pleasureto name this new genus in honour of Prof. A. J. G. H. Kostermans, D. Sc,my teacher and foster father, who — although not a mycologist himselfhas deliberately spent a prodigous amount of his most valuable timeand energy helping and supervising my first attempt to study fungi.Kostermanssinda Rifai, gen. nov.Fungi imperfecti, hyphomycetes, aleuriospori. Synnemata erecta, recta,ex hyphis septatis, non-ramosis, brunneis composita. Conidiophora simpli-1968] RIFAI : Kostermansinda gen. nov. 377Fig. 1. Kostermansiyida magna: A—D, stages of the developments ol conidiophores,conidial initials and young- conidia; E, mature conidia (from Rifai 351).S78 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7 1968] RIFAI : Kostermansinda gen. nov.cia, interdum per proliferationes apicales elongascentia. Conidia singulain apice conidiophori oriunda, murogena, ellipsoidea, muriformes, brunnea,levia, sicca; vesicula pallide brunnea, subglobosa vel obconica.SPECIES GENERIS TYPICA: Sclerographium magnum Boedijn.Kostermansinda magna (Boedijn) Rifai, comb. nov.Sclerographium, magnum Boedijn in Persoonia 1: 319. 1960 (basionym).The synnemata arise singly and gregariously and stand at a rightangle to the surface of the substrate; they are mostly straight, 225r-500 [j. long by up to GO ,u diameter at the slightly enlarged base, and thengradually attenuate to 20—30µ, diameter immediately beneath the conidialclusters.The shining and dark blackish brown synnemata are composed ofbundles of strictly parallel running hyphae which are compactly aggregatedto each other, unbranched, brown coloured, smooth walled, sparingly septate(each cell measure about 35 µ long) and have 3—4.5 µ diameter.Prior to the conidial formation the synnema usually appears as asmall, subulate and paler-tipped pillar; the ultimate cells of its hyphae aracylindrical or tubular and rounded distally, and these cells ultimately aretransformed into the simple conidiophores of Kostermansinda magna (fig.1A). At the beginning of the conidial formation it can often be seen thatthese ultimate cells usually attenuate slightly towards their apices; aboiutthis time the apices will bend away from the long axis of the synnemaand at the same time the enlargement process will also begin (fig. IB, G).As a result of the latter process the apical portions of the conidicphoreswill be blown out into ellipsoidal conidial initials. When this conidial initialreaches a diameter of about 8 µ or more, a transversal septum will be laiddown in its middle (fig. ID, 2A). The subsesuent development will takeplace only in the upper half of the conidial initial which in due course willdevelop into the characteristic muriform conidium; the obconical lowerhalf of the c:nidial initial — termed "vesicle" by Boedijn (1980) — usuallydoes not develop any further except for a slight increase in size and a moreround outline. Since all hyphae that make up the synnema form conidialinitials almost simultaneously, at this time the synnema has a reminiscenceof a bundle or golf clubs (fig. ID). Soon after the appearance of that firstmedian septum, two longitudinal septa which stand at a right angle to eachother crusiately will be formed in the young conidia (fig. ID; 2B, G).Though it is not restricted to the present species, the development of theseprimary — especially the crusiate — longitudinal septa prior to those ofthe transversal ones is somewhat unusual, as can be seen from the factthat in many muriform spored fungi the longitudinal septa very rarelyrun continuously from end to end of the spores; this will also explain theconsiderable difference that can be found in the appearance of the conidia .ofKostermansinda magna and those of the true species of Sclerographium(cf. the illustrations of the latter given by Hughes, 1951; Barnett, 1960;Deighton, 1960; Morris, 1963). A rapid development will follow the for-mation of these primary longitudinal septa; while the young conidia in-crease in size, transversal septa will be laid down successively in acropetalsequence (fig. 2D, E, F), similar to the sequence of the septum formationin species of Endophragmia (Hughes, 1953; Morgan-Jones & Cole, 1964) ;later on secondary longitudinal septa will be formed, also in a succesiveacropetal sequence. At this stage the young conidia are mostly pear shaped;their lower parts are composed of small cubical cells, while their upperparts are still undivided except by the primary longitudinal septa (fig. 2G).When viewed singly under the microscope these young conidia are palebrown below, much paler towards their apical portion; when stained withcotton-blue in lactic acid the cells of the apical part will stain much moreintensively than those of the lower part. All these seem to indicate thatthe growing point of these developing conidia lies in their apices. WhenFig.'2. Kostermansinda magna: A—G, stages of the developments of young conidia(from Rifai 351).380 R E I N W A R D T I A [VOL. 7examined under a low power binocular microscope or with a hand lens aboutthis time fresh synnemata usually appear to carry distinctive pale greenishgrey conidial heads which more or less are globose in outline.Fully mature conidia are dark olive brown to dark brown, usuallyshining under the reflected light, smooth walled, ellipsoidal or oblongellipsoidal. From side view they can be seen to be almost regularly dividedby seven to thirteen transversal septa and by three longitudinal septa,so that on each view the conidia seem to be composed of four rows ofmostly cuboidal and regularly arranged cells. Examinations of numerousconidia show that the cells of the conidia next to the vesicles are notdivided further by longitudinal septa except by the primary crusiatelongitudinal septa, so that each conidium has four basal cells (fig. IE, 2G) ;the arrangement and the number of these basal cells have been wronglyillustrated in Boedijn's (1960) fig. 1 and 2, but a correct interpretationof them is presented in his fig. 3. Excluding the vesicle the conidia measure50—80 x 25—42 µ. The vesicle itself measure up to 14 µ, diameter by19 JA long; it is subglobose, hemiglobose or obconical, smooth, paler colouredarid thinner walled than the conidium proper. Since the firmly attachedconidium usually becomes detached through the break or fracture of theconidiophore wall immediately beneath the vesicle, when shed the conidiaalways carry away their vesicles. It has been observed that the firstformed germ tube originates from one of the four basal cells and emergesthrough the scar of the vesicle.Though very rare, percurrent proliferations of the conidiphores havebeen observed; through the ruptured conodiophores new cells will prolife-rate and at their apices a new crop of conidia will be formed in the samemanner as has been described above.HABITAT: on decaying petioles of various species of palms.DISTRIBUTION: known only from the type locality (Bogor, West Java).ILLUSTRATION: Boedijn in Persoonia 1: 320, fig. 1—3.1960.JAVA. On decaying petioles of an unknown palm, Bogor Botanic Garden, April1921, van Overeem (BO 639) ; on decaying leafstalks of a palm, Bogor Botanic Garden,March 1950, Boedijn (typus, n.v) ; on decaying petioles of Arenga microsperma, BogorBotanic Garden, June 1962, Rifai S25; ibid., September 1962, Rifai 351; on decayingpetioles of Raphia peduneulata, Bogor Botanic Garden, September 1962, Rifai 360 (allin BO). -REFERENCESBARNETT, H. L. (1960). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Minneapolis.BOEDIJN, K. B. (1960). A new Sclerographium from Indonesia. In Persoonia 1: 319-DEIGHTON, P. C. (1960). African fungi. I. In Mycol. Pap. 78: 1—43,ELLIS, M. B. (1959). Clasterosporium and some allied Dematiaceae — Phragmospotae.... II. In Mycol. Pap. 72: 1—75.ELLIS, M. B. (1961). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. II. In Mycol. Pap. 79: 1—23.HUGHES, S. J. (1951). Sclerographium, aterrium Berkeley. In Indian Phytopath. 4:5—6.1968] RIFAI : Kostermansinda gen. nov. 381HUGHES, S. J. (1953). Phragmocephala in pure culture. In Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 36:210—214.HUGHES, S. J. (1953a). Conidiophores, conidia and classification. In Can. J. Bot. 31:577—659.MASON, E. W. & HUGHES, S.J. (1951). Phragmocephala gen. nov. Hyphomycetarum. InNaturalist, Lond. 1951: 97—105.MORGAN-JONES, G. & COLE, A. L. J. (1964). Concerning Endophragmda hyalosperma(Corda) comb. nov. In Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 47: 489—495.MORRIS, E.F. (1963). The synnematous genera o£ the Fungi Imperfecti. In WesternIllinois Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3: 1—143.MORTON, F. J. & SMITH, G. (1963). The genera Scopulariopsis Bainier, MicroascusZukal and Doratomyces Corda. In Mycol. Pap. 86: 1—96.NlLSSON, S. (1964). Freshwater Hyphomycetes. Taxonomy, morphology and ecology.In Symb. Bot. Upsal. 18(2) : 1—130.RIFAI, M. A. & COOKE, R. C. (1966). Studies on some didymosporous genera of nematode-trapping Hyphomycetes. In Trans. Br. mycol. Soc 49: 147—168.TUBAKI, K. (1963). Taxonomic study of Hyphomycetes. In Ann. Rep. Inst. Fermentation,Osaka 1(1961-1962) : 25—54.

KOSTERMANSINDA RIFAI GENUS NOVUM HYPHOMYCETARUM

The conidial development of Sclerographium magnum Boedijn is describedand illustrated; based on this species the new aleuriosporous genus Kostermansinda Rifai is proposed

MIEN A. RIFAI

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KOSTERMANSINDA RIFAI GENUS NOVUM HYPHOMYCETARUM

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