Morphology and Composition of the Helix Nebula

Abstract

We present new narrow-band filter imagery in H-alpha and [N II] 6584 along with UV and optical spectrophotometry measurements from 1200 to 9600 Angstroms of NGC 7293, the Helix Nebula, a nearby, photogenic planetary nebula of large diameter and low surface brightness. Detailed models of the observable ionized nebula support the recent claim that the Helix is actually a flattened disk whose thickness is roughly one-third its diameter with an inner region containing hot, highly ionized gas which is generally invisible in narrow-band images. The outer visible ring structure is of lower ionization and temperature and is brighter because of a thickening in the disk. We also confirm a central star effective temperature and luminosity of 120,000K and 100L_sun, and we estimate a lower limit to the nebular mass to be 0.30M_sun. Abundance measurements indicate the following values: He/H=0.12 (+/-0.017), O/H=4.60x10^-4 (+/-0.18), C/O=0.87 (+/-0.12), N/O=0.54 (+/-0.14), Ne/O=0.33 (+/-0.04), S/O=3.22x10^-3 (+/-0.26), and Ar/O=6.74x10^-3 (+/-0.76). Our carbon abundance measurements represent the first of their kind for the Helix Nebula. The S/O ratio which we derive is anomalously low; such values are found in only a few other planetary nebulae. The central star properties, the super-solar values of He/H and N/O, and a solar level of C/O are consistent with a 6.5M_sun progenitor which underwent three phases of dredge-up and hot bottom burning before forming the planetary nebula.Comment: 50-page manuscript plus 11 postscript figures. This revised version corrects a typo in earlier submission. Nothing else has changed. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa