Phylogenetic studies have shown that Cayratia Juss is not monophyletic. Cayratia s.str. is now confined to those species with a U-shaped endosperm rather than a T-shaped endosperm. The latter are now in three genera Causonis Raf., Pseudocayratia J. Wen, L.M. Lu & Z.D. Chen, together with an undescribed African genus.  As a result, new combinations are required for three species occurring in Australia: Causonis clematidea (F. Muell.) Jackes, C. eurynema (B.L.Burtt) Jackes and C. maritima (Jackes) Jackes. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep., and Cayratia  trifolia (L.) Domin, have been transferred to Causonis, as Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf., and Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J. Wen

Jackes, Betsy R.

English

The University of Sydney: Sydney eScholarship Journals online

© 2020 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trustplantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/Telopea • escholarship.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/TEL • ISSN  0312-9764 (Print) • ISSN  2200-4025 (Online)TelopeaJournal of Plant SystematicsVolume 23: 69–71 Publication date: 27 May 2020 dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea14296Transfer of three species of Cayratia Juss.,  to Causonis Raf. (Vitaceae)Betsy R. JackesCollege of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.AbstractPhylogenetic studies have shown that Cayratia Juss. is not monophyletic. Cayratia s.str. is now confined to those species with a U-shaped endosperm rather than a T-shaped endosperm. The latter are now in three genera Causonis Raf., Pseudocayratia J.Wen, L.M.Lu & Z.D.Chen, together with an undescribed African genus. As a result, new combinations are required for three species occurring in Australia: Causonis clematidea (F.Muell.) Jackes, C. eurynema (B.L.Burtt) Jackes and C. maritima (Jackes) Jackes. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep., and Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin, have been transferred as Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf., and Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J.Wen.IntroductionThe genus Cayratia was first described by Jussieu (1818) and was subsequently conserved over Columella Lour. (Loureiro 1790). Süssenguth (1953) recognized two sections based on the nature of the endosperm: section Discypharia Suess., with a T-shaped endosperm, and section Koilosperma Suess., with a U-shaped endosperm. Li (1998) regarded these two sections as subgenera based on seed morphology and nature of the inflorescence. Phylogenetic studies showed that Cayratia was not monophyletic (Soejima and Wen 2006, Rossetto et al. 2007, Trias-Blasi et al. 2012, Lu et al. 2013). Wen et al. (2013) treated taxa in subgenus Discypharia as two separate genera thus splitting Cayratia s.lat. into three genera: Cayratia s.str., Causonis and a new African genus. Later, Wen et al. (2018a) based on phylogenetic and morphological studies classified the Vitaceae into five tribes, with the tribe Cayratieae J.Wen & L.M.Lu including seven genera: Cayratia Juss. s.str., with 25 species, widespread throughout tropical and subtropical areas and extending into temperate regions; Causonis Raf., with at least 30 species occurring chiefly in the Asian-Australia area; Pseudocayratia, J.Wen, L.M.Lu & Z.D.Chen., currently with five species in China and Japan; Acareosperma Gagnep., a monotypic genus occurring in Laos; Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston, is essentially an African genus with about 200 species; Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch., with about 100 species occurring in Asia, Australia and an undescribed African genus “Afrocayratia” with about seven species (Wen et al. 2018a).TaxonomyCausonis can be distinguished from Cayratia s.str., by the seed which in cross section has a T-shaped endosperm lacking a membrane covering the two cavities, rather than a U-shaped endosperm with a membrane covering the cavities, and also by the large compound inflorescence v. a dichotomous cyme. Morphologically, the newly 70 Telopea 23: 69–71, 2020 Jackessegregated genus Pseudocayratia can be distinguished from Causonis by a suite of seed characters, as well the fruiting pedicels are enlarged and fleshy (Wen et al. 2018b). In Causonis the lateral margins of the endosperm are often strongly concave while in Pseudocayratia the lateral margins are only slightly concave if at all. New combinations are made for the following three species, detailed descriptions and illustrations can be found in Jackes (1987).Causonis clematidea (F.Muell.) Jackes, comb. nov.Basionym: Vitis clematidea F.Muell., Fragm. 2: 74 (1860)Synonyms: Cissus clematidea (F.Muell.) Planchon in A. and C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: 566 (1887)Cayratia clematidea (F.Muell.) Domin, Fedde, Repert. 11: 264 (1912)Lectotype: Clarence River, Qld, H.Beckler s.n. (lecto: MEL 0540138!; isolecto: K)Distribution: Usually found on edge of rainforest extending from southern New South Wales to west of Mackay in Queensland.Causonis eurynema (B.L.Burtt) Jackes, comb. nov.Basionym Cayratia eurynema B.L.Burtt, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1939: 179 (1939)Type: Comboyne, NSW, May 1935, E.C.Chisholm s.n. (holo: K 000736397!; iso: BRI, L, MO, NSW 142593)Distribution: Usually found on rainforest margins from the Barrington Tops area in New South Wales to north of Brisbane in Queensland.Note: Although the results of a molecular analysis (Rossetto et al. 2007) were inconclusive as to the phylogenetic position of C. eurynema, this species lacks the typical U-shaped endosperm of Cayratia s.str. Hence it is being transferred to Causonis. Further molecular analyses are required to establish its relationship with other genera in the tribe.Causonis maritima (Jackes) Jackes, comb. nov.Basionym: Cayratia maritima Jackes, Austrobaileya 2(4): 366 (1987)Type: Lakefield 15° 07'S, 144°17'E, Qld, 26 Jun 1982, B.R.Jackes s.n. (holo: BRI AQ0441384; iso: A, CANB, DNA, K, L, MEL, NSW.)Synonym: Vitis carnosa Wall. Cat. 6018 (K), nom. nud.Distribution: A widespread vine growing along coastlines and other seasonally inundated areas extending from Cairns in North Queensland north to Taiwan.Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf., Sylva Tellur. 87 (1838).A molecular analysis of the Cayratia japonica-Cayratia tenuifolia species complex found that the Australian C. japonica formed a monophyletic clade and was clearly distinct from the species complex. The only morphological difference noted by Ishikawa et al. (2014) was in the colour of the floral discs. Further studies are required to determine if the Australian material is distinct from non-Australian specimens, and if so, it should be recognized as a new species.AcknowledgmentsThe comments of the reviewer were appreciated.ReferencesIshikawa N, Ikeda H, Yi TS, Takabe-Ito E, Okada H, Tsukaya H (2014) Lineage diversification and hybridization in the Cayratia japonica-Cayratia tenuifolia species complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 75: 227–238. doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.027Jackes BR (1987) Revision of the Australian Vitaceae 2. Cayratia Juss. Austrobaileya 2: 365–379.Jussieu ALD (1818) Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. (Ed. 2) 10: 103. Strasbourg.Li CL (1998) Vitaceae. In Flora Reipublicare Popularis Sinicae. 48: 1–177. Beijing Science Press. Loureiro J (1790) Flora Cochinchinensis. 1: 64. Ulyssipone: Typis, et expensis Academicis. Lisbon.Transfer of three species of Cayratia Juss., to Causonis Raf. (Vitaceae) Telopea 23: 69–71, 2020 71Lu LM, Wang W, Chen Z, Wen J (2013) Phylogeny of the non-monophyletic Cayratia Juss. (Vitaceae) and implications for character evolution and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68: 502–515. doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.023Rossetto M, Crayn DM, Jackes BR, Porter C (2007) An updated estimate of intergeneric phylogenetic relationships in the Australian Vitaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany 85: 722–730. doi.org/10.1139/B07-022Soejima A, Wen J (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) based on three chloroplast markers. American Journal of Botany 93: 278–287. doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.278Süssenguth K (1953) Vitaceae. In A. Engler and K.Prantl, (eds) Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. (Ed. 2) 20d: 278. Duncker and Humblot, Berlin.Trias-Blasi A, Parnell JAN, Hodkinson TR (2012) Multi-gene region phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae). Systematic Botany 37: 941–950. doi.org/10.1600/036364412X656437Wen J, Lu LM, Boggan JK (2013) Diversity and evolution of Vitaceae in Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 142: 223–244.Wen J, Lu LM, Nie ZL, Lui XQ , Zhang N, Ickert-Bond S, Gerrath J, Manchester SR, Boggan J, Chen ZD. (2018a) A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution 56: 262–272. doi.org/10.1111/jse.12427Wen J, Lu LM, Hsu T-W, Dang VC, Habib S, Boggan JK, Okada H, Chen IJ, Chen ZD (2018b) Pseudocayratia, a new genus of Vitaceae from China and Japan with two new species and three new combinations. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 56: 374–393. doi.org/10.1111/jse.12448Manuscript received 3 March 2020, accepted 28 April 2020

Transfer of three species of Cayratia Juss., to Causonis  Raf.(Vitaceae)

Phylogenetic studies have shown that Cayratia Juss is not monophyletic. Cayratia s.str. is now confined to those species with a U-shaped endosperm rather than a T-shaped endosperm. The latter are now in three genera Causonis Raf., Pseudocayratia J. Wen, L.M. Lu & Z.D. Chen, together with an undescribed African genus. As a result, new combinations are required for three species occurring in Australia: Causonis clematidea (F. Muell.) Jackes, C. eurynema (B.L.Burtt) Jackes and C. maritima (Jackes) Jackes. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep., and Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin, have been transferred to Causonis, as Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf., and Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J. Wen

ResearchOnline at James Cook University

Transfer of three species of Cayratia Juss., to Causonis Raf.(Vitaceae)

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Transfer of three species of Cayratia Juss., to Causonis Raf.(Vitaceae)

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