Accordingly, it is imperative for Higher Education Providers to consider the future of the legal education whether remaining status  quo would be sufficient for the future law graduates or whether a transformation in the legal education is needed in order to ride along the waves of the IR4.0 and stay relevant to the industry. The ensuing discussion in the following  discourses  proposes  a  well-designed  online  legal  education  model that would be practical and functional for any university, college and any other higher learning institute in transforming legal education to be in line with in the IR4.0

Ahmad, Muhamad Hassan

Ali Mohamed, Ashgar Ali

Amirnuddin, Puteri Sofia

English

The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository

 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsContentsPreface iForeword iiiAbbreviations vContributors’ Profile viiTable of Cases xvTable of Legislation  lvChapter 01 MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM: AN INTRODUCTION 11.1 Law And Legal System 11.2 Malaysian Legal History 51.3 Colony And A Protectorate Or Protected State:  The Distinction 111.4 Malaysian Legal System: Chapterisation 12Chapter 02LEGAL THEORY AND CONCEPT OF LAW 372.1 Introduction 372.2 Definition Of Law 372.2.1 Juristic Definition 372.2.2 Statutory Definition 392.3 Classification Of Law 412.3.1 Classical Classification 412.3.1.1 Eternal Law (Lex Aeterna) 412.3.1.2 Divine Law (Lex Divina) 422.3.1.3 Natural Law (Lex Naturalis) 422.3.1.4 Man-Made Law (Lex Humana) 432.3.2 Common Classification 442.3.2.1 National Law 442.3.2.1.1 Public Law 462.3.2.1.2  Private Law 492.3.2.2 International Law 532.3.2.2.1 Public International Law 532.3.2.2.2 Private International Law 54 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContents2.4 Substantive Law And Procedural Law 562.4.1 Substantive Law 572.4.2 Procedural Law 572.5 Criminal Law And Civil Law 582.5.1 Criminal Law 582.5.2 Civil Law 582.6 Federal Law And State Law 592.6.1 Federal Law 592.6.2 State Law 60Chapter 03MAJOR LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Civil Law System 623.3 Common Law System 633.4 Islamic Legal System 673.5 Mixed Legal Systems 743.6 Adversarial System v. Inquisitorial System 76Chapter 04THE DOCTRINE OF RECEPTION 834.1 Introduction 834.2 Acquisition Of Territory In International Law 844.3 The Doctrine Of Reception 874.4 Settled Or Ceded Territory: The Distinction 884.5 Modern International Law No Longer Favourable  To Colonialism 914.6 Conclusion 92Chapter 05DOCTRINE OF TERRA ULLIUS:  A REVIEW OF MABO & ORS v. QUEENSLAND (NO. 2) CASE 935.1 Introduction 935.2 Reception Of Common Law 945.3 Doctrine Of Terra Nullius 985.4 The History Of Australia And Mabo Case 1005.5 Conclusion 106 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 06RECEPTION OF ENGLISH LAW IN STRAITS SETTLEMENTS 1076.1 Introduction 1076.2 Brief History Of The Straits Settlements 1086.3 Brief Historical Account Of The Legal  Administrations In Penang 1126.4 Formal Introduction And Reception Of  The English Law In Straits Settlements 1156.5 Conclusion 130Chapter 07RECEPTION OF ENGLISH LAW  IN MALAY STATES 131 7.1 Introduction 1317.2 The Legal System Before British Intervention 1317.3 The Malay States Were Sovereign States 1337.4 British Intervention And Reception Of English Law  In The Federated Malay States 1357.5 Reception Of English Law In The Federated  Malay States 1367.5.1 Informal Reception: The Residential System 1367.5.2 Formal Reception: Civil Law Enactment 1937 1397.6 British Intervention And Reception Of English Law  In The Unfederated Malay States 1407.6.1 Informal Reception 1407.6.2 Formal Reception: 1951 Civil Law (Extension)  Ordinance 1427.7 Administration Of The Malay States 1437.8 Impact Of British Colonisation On Local Law 1447.9 Conclusion 146Chapter 08RECEPTION OF ENGLISH LAW IN SABAH AND SARAWAK 1478.1 Introduction 1478.2 Brief History On The Colonial Rules In  Sabah And Sarawak 1488.3 The Reception Of English Law In Sabah And Sarawak 1508.3.1 Reception Of English Law In Sarawak 1518.3.2 Reception Of English Law In Sabah 1568.4 Conclusion 158 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 09 CURRENT APPLICATION OF ENGLISH LAW: SECTIONS 3, 5 AND 6 OF THE CIVIL LAW ACT 1956 1599.1 Introduction 1599.2 Civil Law Act 1956 (Act 67) 1619.2.1 Section 3 Of The Civil Law Act 1956 1619.2.2 Sections 5 And 6 Of The Civil Law Act 1956 1779.3 Conclusion 180Chapter 10PRIDE AND PREJUDICE OF LEGAL IMPERIALISM WITH REFERENCE TO PRESEVERING ENGLISH LAW IN MALAYSIA: MAKING SENSE THE DOCTRINES OF RECEPTION AND SUBSEQUENT ATTRACTION 18110.1 Introduction 18110.2 English Law In Malaysia: Revisiting The Historical  Development 18310.3 The Pungent Reality Of The Charter Of Justices 18410.4 The Fortification Of English Law In Malaysia  – A Beacon Of Hope? 18710.5 The Cobbled Road Leading To The Civil Law Act  1956 (CLA) And Its Stark Reality 19010.6 Jurisprudence Arguments Of The Fossilization Of English Law 20310.7 Conclusion 205Chapter 11FEDERAL AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS 20711.1 Introduction 20711.2 Malaysian General Structure 20711.3 What Is Constitution 20811.4 Brief History Of Malaysian Constitutions 20911.5 State Constitutions 21411.6 Features Of Federal Constitution 21411.6.1 Supremacy Of The Constitution 21411.6.2 Constitution Creates Organs Of Government 21511.6.3 Constitutional Monarch 217 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContents11.6.4 Parliamentary Democracy 22011.6.5 Fundamental Liberties 22111.6.6 Islam Is The Religion Of The Federation 22111.6.7 Malay Privileges And Legitimate Interests  Of Other Races 22311.6.8 Constitutional Amendment 22311.6.9 Special Provisions On Subversion And  Emergency 22511.6.10 Citizenship 22511.6.11 Federal And State Relationship 22711.6.12 Special Provisions For Sabah And Sarawak 228Chapter 12LEGISLATION 22912.1 Separation Of Power In Malaysia 22912.2 Written Law 23112.3 Structure Of Parliament 23412.4 Distribution Of Legislative Powers 23612.5 Types Of Bills 23812.6 Legislative Process In Malaysian Parliament 24112.7 Royal Assent 24312.8 Constitution Amendment Bills 24612.9 Withdrawal Of Bills 24712.10 Gazette 24812.11 Date Of Law Coming Into Force 25012.12 Retrospective Legislation 25012.13 Subsidiary Legislation Or Delegated Legislation 25212.14 Judicial Control Of Subsidiary Legislation 25412.15 Delegatus Non Potest Delegare 27012.16 Amending Or Revoking A Subsidiary Legislation 27112.17 Subsidiary Legislation May Be Retrospective 271 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 13ISLAMIC LAW 27313.1 Islam: An Overview 27313.2 Islamic Law Or ‘Syariah’ 27513.3 Syariah In Malaysia 28013.4 Islam In The Federal Constitution 28613.5 Syariah Courts 29313.6 Administration Of Islamic Law (Federal Territories) Act 1993 303Chapter 14CUSTOMARY LAW 30514.1 Definition Of Customary Law 30514.2 The Historical Background Of The Legal Recognition  Of Customary Law By Court In Malaysia 30914.2.1 Straits Settlements 30914.2.2 The Malay States 31114.2.3 Borneo States 31214.3 Customary Laws In Malaysia 31314.3.1 Malay Customary Law (Adat) 31314.3.3 Hindu Customary Law 32114.3.4 Orang Asli Customary Law 32514.4 Conclusion 330Chapter 15THE LAW REFORM (MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE) ACT 1976 AND ITS EFFECTS ON NON-MUSLIM CUSTOMARY LAWS ON FAMILY MATTERS 33115.1 Introduction 33115.2 Position Before The Law Reform (Marriage And  Divorce) Act 1976 33215.3 Law Reform (Marriage And Divorce) Act 1976 33715.4 Importance Of Registration Of Marriage 33815.5 Legal Effect Of Registration 33915.6 Conclusion 344 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 16STATUTORY INTERPRETATION 34516.1 Introduction 34516.2 Intrinsic Aids 34616.3 Extrinsic Aids 35416.4 Judicial Principles Governing Statutory Interpretation 35816.4.1 The Literal Approach 35916.4.2 The Golden Approach 37216.4.3 The Mischief Approach 37716.4.4 The Purposive Approach 38316.5 When Do Statutory Provisions Have To Be Interpreted? 40016.6 Particular Rules Of Interpretation 40216.7 Presumptions 41716.7.1 The Doctrine Of State Immunity 41716.7.2 The Presumption Against Retrospective  Legislation 41716.7.3 The Presumption Against Barring The Individual  From The Courts 42116.7.4 The Presumption Against Taking Away Property  Without Compensation 42416.7.5 The Presumption Against The Alteration Of  Common Law Doctrines Unless A Statute  Expressly States That To Be The Case 42516.7.6 If A Statute Is Silent As To Mens Rea,  (Criminal Intent), Mens Rea Is Required 425Chapter 17 JURISDICTION AND POWERS  OF THE CIVIL COURTS 42717.1 Introduction 42717.2 Hierarchy Of Courts In Malaysia 43017.3 Jurisdiction And Powers Of The Civil Courts 43217.3.1 Special Court 43217.3.2 Federal Court 43517.3.3 Court Of Appeal 43817.3.4 High Court 44017.3.5 Sessions Court 45017.3.6 Magistrate Court 45017.3.7 Court For Children 46117.4 Summary Of Jurisdiction 451 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 18SPECIFIC COURTS AND TRIBUNAL 46718.1 Introduction 46718.2 Syariah Courts 46818.3 Industrial Court 47418.4 ‘Labour Court’ 48118.5 Native Court Of Sabah 49218.5.1 Native Court Of Appeal 49218.5.2 District Native Court 49318.5.3 Native Court 49418.6 Native Courts In Sarawak 49618.6.1 Native Court Of Appeal 49818.6.2 Resident’s Native Court 49818.6.3 District Native Court 49818.6.4 Chief’s Superior Court 50018.6.5 Chief’s Court 50218.6.6 Headman’s Court 50218.6.7 Powers To Sarawak Native Courts To  Impose Penalties 50218.6.8 Imprisonment In Default Of Penalty 50318.7 Tribunal For Consumer Claims 50318.8 Tribunal For Homebuyer Claims 508Chapter 19STARE DECISIS AND RATIO DECIDENDI 51319.1 Doctrine Of Stare Decisis 51319.1.1 Application In England 52119.1.2 Application In Malaysia 52319.2 Adherence To Stare Decisis In The Interest  Of Certainty And Finality Of Law 52719.3 Decisions Offending Stare Decisis And Its Effect:  An Illustration 53319.3.1 Supreme Court’s Decision In Chan Chin Min  & Anor v. Lim Yok Eng 53319.3.2 Federal Court’s Decision In Adorna Properties  Sdn Bhd v. Boonsom Boonyanit 53619.3.3 Federal Court In Metramac Corporation  Sdn Bhd v. Fawziah Holdings Sdn Bhd 539 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContents19.4 Adherence To Precedent: A Rule Rather Than  Exception 54219.5 Re Hj Khalid Abdullah: A Review 54519.6 Dissenting Opinion 55819.7 Inherent Power Of The Federal Court To Reopen,  Rehear And Re-Examine Its Previous Decision 56319.8 Ratio Decidendi 57419.9 Obiter Dicta 58519.10 Conclusion 589Chapter 20STARE DECISIS IN SYARIAH 59120.1 Introduction 59120.2 Status Of Judicial Precedent In Syariah 59220.3 Legal Maxim ‘Ijtihad Cannot Be Revoked By  Another Ijtihad’: The Meaning Of 59520.4 The Origin And Proof Of The Legal Maxim 59520.5 The Scope Of The Legal Maxim 59720.6 The General Rule Of The Legal Maxim 59720.7 The Application Of The Doctrine Of Judicial  Precedent In Syariah Courts 59820.7.1 Malaysia 59920.7.2 Nigeria 60120.7.3 Pakistan 60520.8 Conclusion 608Chapter 21 THE JUDICIARY AND THE BAR (CIVIL) 60921.1 Introduction – The Malaysian Judiciary 60921.2 The Malaysian Judicial Structure 61421.2.1 Superior Court Judges 61421.2.2 The Subordinate Court Judge 62121.3 Jurisdiction Of Malaysian Courts 62321.3.1 The Superior Courts 62421.3.2 The Subordinate Courts 62821.4 Ethics Of Judges 63021.5 Legal Profession In Malaysia 648 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContents21.6 Legal Profession Act 1976 65021.7 The Malaysian Bar 65221.8 Admission To Legal Profession 65421.9 Conclusion 658Chapter 22THE JUDICIARY AND THE BAR (SYARIAH) 65922.1 Introduction 65922.2 Administration Of Justice In Islam 66122.3 Syariah Judiciary 66522.4 Conduct Of Judges 66922.5 Registrar Of The Court 67022.6 Syariah Prosecution 67122.7 Chief Religious Enforcement Officer And  Religious Enforcement Officer 67522.8 Peguam Syarie 67622.9 Non-Muslim As Peguam Syarie 68322.9.1 Syariah Is An Integral Part Of The  Religion Of Islam 70022.9.2 Obligation Of Upholding Justice And Accountability To Creator 70322.10 Conclusion 710Chapter 23BASIC STRUCTURE DOCTRINE AND ITS APPLICATION IN MALAYSIA: WITH REFERENCE TO DECIDED CASES 71123.1 Introduction 71123.2 Basic Structure Doctrine In Malaysia 71423.3 Application Of Basic Structure Doctrine:  With Reference To Decided Cases 72123.4 Criticism Against Basic Structure Doctrine 72623.5 Conclusion 730 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 24ATTORNEY GENERAL: ROLE AND POWERS 73124.1 Attorney General 73124.2 Solicitor General 73324.3 Deputy Public Prosecutors 73424.4 Federal Counsel In Civil Matters 73624.5 Whether Attorney General Supervises And  Controls Judicial Officers? 73624.6 Attorney General’s Department 73924.7 Powers Of The Attorney General In Criminal Cases 74024.8 Power To Conduct Criminal Proceedings 74624.9 Power To Discontinue Criminal Proceedings 75124.10 Attorney General To Represent Judges Sued  In Personal Capacity 75224.11 Attorney General Represented Government  At International Court Of Justice And Tribunals 75324.12 Prosecutorial Immunity 75424.13 Conclusion 757Chapter 25ROYAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY 75925.1 Introduction 75925.2 The Basic Functions Of The Royal Commission  Of Inquiry 76125.3 Legal Status On Holding Royal Commission Of  Inquiry In Malaysia 76225.4 Establishment Of The Royal Commission Of Inquiry 76425.5 Terms Of Reference For The Establishment Of  The Royal Commission Of Inquiry 76525.6 The Powers Of The Commissioner Stipulated In  The Royal Commission Of Inquiry 76525.7 Findings Of The Royal Commission Of Inquiry 76625.8 Challenging The Findings Of A Commission  Of Inquiry 76725.9 Issues Surrounding The Royal Commission Of Inquiry 76925.10 Conclusion 770 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 26SELECTED COMPLAINT RESOLUTION BODIES IN MALAYSIA 77126.1 Human Rights Commission Of Malaysia 77126.1.1 Functions And Powers 77226.1.2 Powers Of Inquiry 77426.1.3 Composition Of Members 77526.2 Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission 77626.3 Public Complaints Bureau 78326.4 Ombudsman 78626.5 Inquiries Of Deaths 79026.5.1 Police Investigation Upon The Death  Of Any Person 79026.5.2 Magistrate – When No Inquiry Of Death  Is Necessary 79226.5.3 Inquiries Of Death Is Necessary 79326.5.4 The Nature Of The Inquiry 793Chapter 27CIVIL PROCEDURE 79727.1 What Is Civil Procedure 79727.2 Law Regulating Civil Procedure 79727.3 Preliminary Matters 79927.3.1 The Cause Of Action 79927.3.2 Identifying The Appropriate Court And  Its Jurisdiction 80027.3.3 Parties And Proceedings 80327.4 Commencement Of Civil Suit 80727.4.1 Service Of Documents Locally And Abroad 80827.4.2 Entering An Appearance And Failure To  Enter Appearance 80927.4.3 Pleadings And Judgment In Default Of  Pleadings 80927.5 Interlocutory Proceedings 81027.6 Preventive Reliefs 811 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContents27.7 Security For Costs 81127.7.1 Pre Trial Procedure 81227.7.2 Pre Trial Case Management 81327.7.3 Trial And Judgment  81327.7.4 Enforcement Of Judgments 81427.8 Appeal 81627.9 Costs 81727.10 Conclusion 818Chapter 28CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 81928.1 Criminal Procedure 81928.2 The Meaning Of Mandatory And Directory 82028.3 Due Process 82228.4 Roles Of The Police 82328.5 Constitution Of The Police Force 82428.6 General Duties Of Police Officers 82428.7 Duty To Investigate Under CPC 82628.8 Preventive Action 82828.8.1 Police To Prevent Seizable Offences 82828.8.2 Information Of Design To Commit  Seizable Offences 82928.8.3 Arrest To Prevent A Seizable Offences 82928.9 Prevention Of Injury To Public Property 83028.10 Arrest 83128.10.1 What Constitutes An Arrest? 83128.10.2 Constructive Arrest 83228.10.3 Actual Arrest 83328.10.4 Non Arrest 83528.10.5 Degree Of Force Used In Affecting An Arrest 83728.10.6 Using Of Handcuff 83728.10.7 Resistance By The Accused 838 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContents28.10.8 Persons Who May Arrest 83828.10.8.1 Arrest By Police Officer And  Penghulu 83928.10.8.2 Arrest By Private Person 84428.10.8.3 Arrest By Magistrate Or Justice  Of The Peace 84528.11 Charges 84628.11.1 Objectives Of Charges 84628.11.2 General Principles 84728.12 Sentencing 84828.12.1 Purposes Of Sentencing 84828.12.2 Retribution 84828.12.3 Deterrence 84928.12.4 Rehabilitation 850Chapter 29EVIDENCE 85129.1 Introduction 85129.2 The Litigation Process 85429.3 Evidence 85529.4 Facts In Issue 85629.5 Admissibility 85629.6 Relevant 85629.7 Weight 85829.8 Prejudice 85829.9 Fairness 85929.10 Opinion Evidence 86029.11 Similar Fact Evidence 86129.12 Hearsay 86329.13 Proof 865 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 30LEGAL AID AND LEGAL ADVICE SERVICES 86730.1 Case History 86730.2 Introduction 86830.3 Adversarial Process Of Litigation Requires  Legal Representatives 87130.4 Legal Aid And Legal Representation 87330.5 Bar Council Legal Aid Centre 87730.6 National Legal Aid Foundation 87930.7 Court-Assigned Counsel 88030.8 University-Run Legal Advice Services 88130.9 Legal Aid In Islam 88730.10 Conclusion 892Chapter 31ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 89331.1 Introduction 89331.2 Dispute Resolution Vide Litigation: The Constrains 89331.3 Mediation 89931.4 Settlement Agreement 90631.5 Arbitration 91031.5.1 Arbitration: Definition 91331.5.2 Arbitration Agreement 91331.5.3 Arbitrator 91531.5.4 Appointment Of An Arbitrator 91631.5.5 Arbitration Proceeding 918Chapter 32TECHNOLOGY AND DELIVERY OF JUSTICE 92932.1 Introduction 92932.2 Court Recording Transcription (CRT) 93232.3 CRT: Important Tool For Implementation Of  Rule Of Law 93532.4 Live-Streaming Of Superior Court Proceedings:  The Way Foreword 942 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 33ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, TECHNOLOGIES AND THE FUTURE OF LAW 94533.1 Introduction 94533.2 Artificial Intelligence 94633.3 Artificial Intelligence: Its Use In Legal Service 94833.4 Legal Education And The Malaysian Legal  Services Sector 95833.5 Prospect Of AI Application In Malaysian Legal  Education 95933.6 Modernisation Of Legal Education 96133.7 Conclusion 964Chapter 34LEGAL EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA: PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE ERA OF FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (IR4.0) 96734.1 Introduction 96734.2 Reading Law In Malaysia 97034.2.1 Public Universities 97234.2.2 Private Universities 97434.2.3 Private University Colleges 97734.2.4 Foreign University Branch Campus 97834.2.5 Colleges 97834.3 Structure Of Bachelor Of Laws Programmes 98134.4 Common Facilities Provided By Higher  Education Providers 98234.5 The Future Of Legal Education In The Era  Of Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) 98534.5.1 Administration 98634.5.2 Teaching Methods And Delivery 98634.5.3 Subjects Offered 98934.5.4 Assessment Methods 99234.5.5 Facilities Offered By The Higher  Education Providers 99534.6 Conclusion 996 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContentsChapter 35FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA: TOWARDS A COMMON BAR COURSE 99735.1 Development Of Legal Profession 99735.2 Legal Education And Legal Profession  In Malaysia 100135.3 The Nadir And Zenith Of One To Many  Law Schools 100535.4 Legal Education Reforms: Towards A  Common Bar Course 101535.5 Common Bar Course: A Provisional Languish  For Equity 101935.6 Recommendations: Common Bar Course (CBC)  The Alchemy Of A Law Student’s Right 102135.7 The Common Bar Course – Laying To Rest The  Paradox Of Legal Profession And Justice 1027Chapter 36LEGAL RESEARCH AND LEGAL CITATION 102936.1 Introduction 102936.2 What Is Legal Research? 103036.3 Importance Of Legal Research In Legal Studies 103236.4 Types Of Legal Research 103536.4.1 Doctrinal Legal Research 103636.4.2 Empirical Legal Research/Non-Doctrinal  Legal Research 103736.4.3 International And Comparative Legal  Research 103936.5 Introduction To Legal Citation 104036.6 Purposes Of Legal Citation 104236.7 Types Of Citation Principles 104336.8 How To Cite Legal Materials 104436.8.1 Case Law And Decisions 104436.8.2 Square And Round Brackets In Case  Citation 1046 FOR ACADEMIC REPOSITORY PURPOSES ONLYContents36.8.3 Citing Foreign Cases 104736.8.4 Legislation 105136.8.5 Citing Subsidiary Legislations 105236.8.6 Books, Articles And Other Sources 105336.8.7 Citing Islamic Sources 105536.9 How To Carry Out A Successful Legal Research 1057Index 1061

Legal education in Malaysia: paradigm shift in the era of fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0)

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Legal education in Malaysia: paradigm shift in the era of fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0)

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