Functional energetics of $CD4^{+}$-cellular immunity in monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in autoimmune disorders

Abstract

$\textit {Background:}$ Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic central nervous system- (CNS-) infection that typically occurs in a subset of immunocompromised individuals. An increasing incidence of PML has recently been reported in patients receiving monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, particularly those treated with natalizumab, efalizumab and rituximab. Intracellular $CD4^{+}$-ATP-concentration (iATP) functionally reflects cellular immunocompetence and inversely correlates with risk of infections during immunosuppressive therapy. We investigated whether iATP may assist in individualized risk stratification for opportunistic infections during mAb-treatment. $\textit {Methodology/Principal Findings:}$ iATP in PHA-stimulated, immunoselected $CD4^{+}$-cells was analyzed using an FDA-approved assay. iATP of mAb-associated PML (natalizumab (n = 8), rituximab (n = 2), efalizumab (n = 1)), or other cases of opportunistic CNS-infections (HIV-associated PML (n = 2), spontaneous PML, PML in a psoriasis patient under fumaric acids, natalizumab-associated herpes simplex encephalitis (n = 1 each)) was reduced by 59% (194.5$\pm$29 ng/ml, mean$\pm$SEM) in comparison to healthy controls (HC, 479.9$\pm$19.8 ng/ml, p<0.0001). iATP in 14 of these 16 patients was at or below $3^{rd}$ percentile of healthy controls, similar to HIV-patients (n = 18). In contrast, $CD4^{+}$-cell numbers were reduced in only 7 of 15 patients, for whom cell counts were available. iATP correlated with mitochondrial transmembrane potential ($\Delta\Psi_{m}$) (iATP/$\Delta\Psi_{m}$−correlation:tau = 0.49, p = 0.03). Whereas mean iATP of cross-sectionally analysed natalizumab-treated patients was unaltered (448.7$\pm$12 ng/ml, n = 150), iATP was moderately decreased (316.2$\pm$26.1 ng/ml, p = 0.04) in patients (n = 7) who had been treated already during the pivotal phase III trials and had received natalizumab for more than 6 years. 2/92 (2%) patients with less than 24 months natalizumab treatment revealed very low iATP at or below the $3^{rd}$ percentile of HC, whereas 10/58 (17%) of the patients treated for more than 24 months had such low iATP-concentrations. $\textit {Conclusion:}$ Our results suggest that bioenergetic parameters such as iATP may assist in risk stratification under mAb-immunotherapy of autoimmune disorders