For the past 120 years, the Nobel Prize has honored scientists for discoveries that the committee feels most benefit mankind. And theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter lead David J. Thouless (the University of Washington, Seattle), Duncan M. Haldane (Princeton University) and J. Michael Kosterlitz (Brown University) to getting The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016

Lisovenko, M.

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

2 
 
МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ 
СУМСЬКИЙ ДЕРЖАВНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ 
ФАКУЛЬТЕТ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ ФІЛОЛОГІЇ 
ТА СОЦІАЛЬНИХ КОМУНІКАЦІЙ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
СОЦІАЛЬНО-ГУМАНІТАРНІ 
АСПЕКТИ РОЗВИТКУ СУЧАСНОГО 
СУСПІЛЬСТВА 
 
 
МАТЕРІАЛИ V ВСЕУКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАУКОВОЇ КОНФЕРЕНЦІЇ СТУДЕНТІВ, 
АСПІРАНТІВ, ВИКЛАДАЧІВ ТА СПІВРОБІТНИКІВ 
 
 
(Суми, 20-21 квітня 2017 року)  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Суми 
2017 
168 
 
osteopontin mRNA and contain osteopontin protein in human 
atherosclerotic plaques; therefore, detection of osteopontin in macrophages 
has precedent. It also has been shown by immunohistochemistry. 
Osteopontin binds readily to hydroxyapatite and may mediate adherence of 
osteoblasts and osteoclasts to bone matrix through an arginine-glycine-
aspartate integrin-binding sequence and amplify the calcification. In 
contrast, other literature sources state that osteopontin regulates negatively 
mineral deposit formation, and it is necessary to myofibroblast 
differentiation and activity, which are produced in the response to a 
profibrotic cytokine, transforming growth factor-1. OPN elaborated by 
stromal or inflammatory cells at sites of ectopic mineralization, binds to 
bioapatites and initially physically inhibits crystal growth. Binding of OPN 
to bioapatite simultaneously provides a recognition site and/or 
concentration gradient for macrophages and giant cells thereby leading to 
localized accumulation. 
Conclusion: there is no definitive data about the role of 
osteopontin in the development of calcific aortic valve stenosis, that 
requires further studying. 
 
 
THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2016: REVIEW 
 
Lisovenko M., group PhEm.-61 
Mulina N. I., Ph.D., EL Advisor 
For the past 120 years, the Nobel Prize has honored scientists for 
discoveries that the committee feels most benefit mankind. And theoretical 
discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of 
matter lead David J. Thouless (the University of Washington, Seattle), 
Duncan M. Haldane (Princeton University) and J. Michael Kosterlitz 
(Brown University) to getting The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016. Their work 
started in the USA in the early 1970s by identifying a completely new type 
of phase transition in 2D systems with topological defects. This became a 
powerful breakthrough in the theoretical understanding of matter mysteries, 
which created new perspectives on the development of innovative 
materials. [1] 
The main idea of this work comprises two main terms – phase 
transition and topology. Phase transition it is a phenomenon when a 
substance suddenly changes its material properties. The simplest example is 
when water turns into ice with dropping temperature. Phase transition does 
169 
 
not always depend on the temperature; it may also be due to pressure or 
other quantities. The three researchers have now shown theoretically that 
the electrical properties of materials can also undergo such phase 
transitions. For instance, electrical resistance will abruptly change when 
there is a particular magnetic field applied. [2] 
Topology describes properties that are preserved under defamations 
and manipulations. In topology an integral number called a topological 
invariant and can be assigned to all objects that share the same properties. 
One example of a topological invariant is the number of holes that object 
has. An orange, a ball and a muffin all have zero holes, so they can all be 
assigned the topological invariant and it equals zero. In contrast, a coffee 
cup and a bagel each having one hole and can be assigned a topological 
invariant that equals one. Objects can transform from one topology class to 
another unless a significant force is applied to them, like cutting, blowing 
or tearing. They are topological properties that are protected against small 
changes. This was noteworthy to scientists because microscopic objects are 
usually observed as being threshold. They typically can only survive in 
very specific conditions, but physicists observed some objects that had 
surprisingly robust properties. They were puzzled by these exceptions. [3] 
The laureates discovered that the robust properties were caused by 
the topological nature of the electrons in those objects. From this 
realization Thouless used topology to explain the famous quantum Hall 
effect experiment. This experiment showed that in very thin layers and in 
the presence of high magnetic fields electrons behave in such a way that the 
conductance to the system is robust against disorder and can only change in 
steps as the magnetic field is increased. Duncan was able to explain this 
behavior by assigning an integer N to each of the conductance steps 
observed. Later all day and predicted that a similar effect as possible 
without having a magnetic field. Before scientists believed phase 
transitions could not occur in extremely thin layers of matter. However, 
Kosterlitz and Thouless found that it was possible for vortices to appear in 
some 2D materials because of the topological nature. They found that each 
vortex could be assigned an integral number determined by the number of 
times it turns. At low temperatures the vortices are always seen in tight 
pairs that stay together. These pairs influence the electric conductivity of 
the matter but when the temperature is raised the vortex pairs break away 
from each other. This is a completely new kind of phase transition. Finally, 
Haldane studied one dimensional chain of atomic magnets. He found 
another example of topological order. Some different type of topological 
170 
 
object explains the change from conducting to insulating behavior of the 
chain. [4, 5] 
The theoretical discoveries are mostly for science. Even so, it is 
important to understand that the ideas developed by the Nobel laureates 
have sparked revolutions in many other fields. Scientists hope that these 
discoveries can be applied to the development of new materials used for 
electronics. In particular, such topological phenomenon is a big step 
towards understanding of superconductivity as fundamental work in 
quantum's matter theory and might eventually result in awesome 
computers. There has also appeared some sort of transistors that starts to 
use these concepts.  
 
1. https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/updates/nobel16.cfm 
2. Jaeger, Gregg, The Ehrenfest Classification of Phase Transitions: 
Introduction and Evolution, History of Exact Sciences. (53) 81 (1988). 
3. D. J. Thouless, Mahito Kohmoto, M. P. Nightingale, and M. Den 
Nijs, Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional Periodic 
Potential, Phys. Rev. Lett. (49) 405 (1982). 
4. David R. Nelson and J. M. Kosterlitz, Universal jump in the 
superfluid density of two-dimensional superfluids, Phys. Rev. Lett. (39) 
1201 (1977). 
5. F. D. M. Haldane, Model for a Quantum Hall Effect without 
Landau Levels: Condensed-Matter Realization of the "Parity Anomaly", 
Phys. Rev. Lett. (61) 2015 (1988). 
 
 
NICHE BOOK BIO-MEDICAL CONTENT, THEMATIC 
PRIORITIES AND SOCIAL AND COMMUNICATION  
PRACTICES 
 
N. M. Sadovnichaya, post-graduate student of journalism and 
philology of SSU 
Supervisor –  Associate Professor of  Philology – Sushkova O. M. 
senior teacher – Dunaeva M. N. 
In our study there will be analyzed books from specialties that 
establish the general laws inherent in life in all its manifestations. And that 
is a bio-medical direction. Just they will act as an object of study. The 
subject of study will become texts and illustrations in all forms of media 
from books on biology, genetics and ecology, humane and veterinary 


The Nobel Prize in physics 2016: review

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