Appendix 9A
Table A9A.1 Description and univariate distribution of measures used in models
Appendix 9B
Table A9B.1 Random Intercept Two Level Logistic Regression Model Predicting Third-party Presence during the Intervie

Altwaijri, Yasmin A.

de Jong, Julie A.

Mneimneh, Zeina N.

English

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University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
2019 Workshop: Interviewers and Their Effects 
from a Total Survey Error Perspective Sociology, Department of 
2020 
Chapter 9: Why do Interviewers Vary in Achieving Interview 
Privacy and Does Privacy Matter? Appendix 9 
Zeina N. Mneimneh 
Julie A. de Jong 
Yasmin A. Altwaijri 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociw 
 Part of the Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology, Department of at 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in 2019 Workshop: 
Interviewers and Their Effects from a Total Survey Error Perspective by an authorized administrator of 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 
1 
 
Chapter 9: Why do Interviewers Vary in Achieving Interview Privacy and Does Privacy Matter? 
Appendix 9 
 
 
 
Zeina N. Mneimneh, Julie A. de Jong, and Yasmin A. Altwaijri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Full book reference: 
Olson, K., J. D. Smyth, J. Dykema, A. L. Holbrook, F. Kreuter, B. T. West. 2020. Interviewer 
Effects from a Total Survey Error Perspective. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 
2 
 
Appendix 9A 
Table A9A.1 Description and univariate distribution of measures used in models 
Variable Question wording / Item description  Coding of response options Distribution 
Dependent Variables     
Third party presence 
at any point in the 
interview 
Third party presence (aged 5+) during at 
least one section of the interview  
1 = Someone aged 5+ present;  
0 = No one aged 5+ present  
36% 
 
Smoker Are you a current smoker, ex-smoker, or 
have you never smoked? 
1 = Current or ex-smoker;  
0 = Never smoker 
23% 
Suicide Have you ever seriously thought about 
committing suicide? 
1 = Yes;  
0 = No 
5% 
Anger/Injure/Threaten Did you ever have attacks of anger when 
you hit someone or tried to hurt someone 
or when you threatened to hit or hurt 
someone? 
1 = Yes;  
0 = No 
32% 
Ever physically 
abused a spouse1 
Over the course of your marriage, how 
often have you ever done any of these 
things (pushed, grabbed, or shoved; 
threw something; slapped or hit) to your 
spouse?  
1 = Often, sometimes, rarely;  
0 = Never 
19% 
Ever been a victim of 
spousal physical 
abuse 
Over the course of your marriage, how 
often has your spouse ever done any of 
these things (pushed, grabbed, or shoved; 
threw something; slapped or hit) to you? 
1 = Often, sometimes, rarely;  
0 = Never 
15% 
Marriage rating Based on a 0 – 10 scale where 0 means 
‘the worst possible marriage’ and 10 
means ‘the best’, how would you rate 
your current marriage(s)? 
Range 0 – 10 
(Mean reported) 
8.3 
Polygamy 
endorsement 
Mean of responses to 14 statements 
about polygamy (each variable coded so 
that “5” indicates strong endorsement of 
polygamy): 
 Polygamy is a Sunnah that must be 
followed  
 Polygamy is a system of the past that 
is no more suitable 
 Polygamy is a tradition that should 
be maintained. 
 Most men in polygamous marriages 
are happy. 
 Most women in polygamous 
marriages are happy. 
1 = Lack of endorsement of polygamy;  
5 = Strong endorsement of polygamy  
(Mean reported) 
2.9 
                                                          
1 Weighted percentages of respondents indicating the responses coded in these analyses as “1” are reported in this table for 
most variables. Where mean is reported rather than frequency, we note it accordingly. Frequency distributions are calculated 
using only those respondents who were asked these questions. For example, questions about spousal physical abuse were 
only measured among ever married respondents.  
 
3 
 
 Women in polygamous marriages are 
more satisfied than women in 
monogamous marriages.  
 The system of polygamy is no longer 
effective in today’s society.  
 Men in polygamous marriages are 
more satisfied than men in 
monogamous marriages. 
 Today’s women should avoid 
entering into polygamous marriages 
 Men should be discouraged from 
entering into polygamous marriages.  
 Children of polygamous marriages 
are worse off than children of 
monogamous marriages. 
 Polygamy is a social system of 
sexists. 
 Children of polygamous marriages 
have more resources than children of 
monogamous marriages.  
 Wives of a polygamous marriage are 
usually treated equally. 
Polygamy acceptable 
if finances permit 
If a man has the financial means to 
support more than one wife, when do 
you feel it is acceptable for the man to 
marry a second wife? 
1 = All the time, sometimes;  
0 = Never 
81% 
Independent 
Variables 
   
Respondent 
Demographics 
   
R Gender Respondent gender 1 = Male;  
0 = Female 
50%  
R Marital status 
 
Current marital status and current 
polygamy status 
  
 Currently married and never in a 
polygamous marriage 
1 = Current condition;  
0 = Else 
46% 
 Currently married and in a polygamous 
marriage 
1 = Current condition;  
0 = Else 
3% 
 Currently married and previously in a 
polygamous marriage 
1 = Current condition;  
0 = Else 
2% 
R Age What is your age? (Reference category: 
Age 15 – 17) 
  
 Age 18 – 29 
 
1 = Current age;  
0 = Else 
37% 
 Age 30 – 44 
 
1 = Current age;  
0 = Else 
32% 
 Age 45 – 54 1 = Current age;  
0 = Else 
13% 
 Age 55 – 65 
 
1 = Current age;  
0 = Else 
8% 
R Education What is the highest grade of school or 
year of college you completed? 
(Reference category: Less than Grade 7) 
 
 
 
 
 Low level of education (7th – 9th grade) 1 = Grades 7 – 9;  
0 = Else 
14% 
4 
 
 
 Medium level of education (Some high 
school/college) 
 
1 = Grades 10 – 15;  
0 = Else 
 
50% 
 High level of education (Completed 
college) 
 
1 = Year 16+;  
0 = Else 
 
19% 
R Social phobia Composite item using several variables, 
calculated according to DSM-IV Social 
Phobia diagnosis (12 month)2 
1 = Diagnosis; 
0 = No diagnosis 
 
9% 
R Disability status  Respondent reporting of the following 
disabilities3 
(Reference category: No disability) 
  
 Current physical disability 
 Disability1: Blind or deaf, have a 
serious hearing or vision 
impairment, or have a serious 
speech impairment 
 Disability2: Any missing limbs or 
paralysis 
 Disability3: Any other physical 
impairment, disfigurement, or 
handicap  
 
1 = Disability 1 thru 3;  
0 = Else 
 
4% 
 Current other disability 
 Disability4: Any other serious 
chronic physical illness  
 Disability5: Temporary physical 
illness/disability 
 Disability6: Concentration, 
memory, or decision making 
problems 
 Disability7: Serious learning 
disability, Down Syndrome, or 
mental retardation 
 Disability8: Manic depression, 
schizophrenia, or any other 
serious emotional problem 
1 = Disability 4 thru 8;  
0 = Else 
 
12% 
Social conformity Summary of responses to the five 
following items, where (1 = True; 0 = 
False) for each item 
 I never met a person I didn’t like. 
 I have always told the truth 
 I have never been bored 
 I never get lost, even in places 
I’ve never been before 
 I have never lost anything 
5 = High social conformity;  
0 = Low social conformity 
(Mean reported) 
1.80 
                                                          
2 American Psychiatric Association. (1994). DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th 
edition.  
3 If respondent reports both physical and mental disability, only physical disability is recorded. 
5 
 
Household size Household size computed from 
household roster 
  
 Household size 5 – 7 members 1 = 5 – 7 members;  
0 = Else 
42% 
 Household size 8+ members 1 = 8+ members;  
0 = Else 
38% 
Rural area Household located in rural or urban area 
per PSU designation 
1 = Rural;  
0 = Urban 
17% 
Region Region of country in which household is 
located  
(Reference category: Central region) 
  
 Eastern region 1 = Eastern region;  
0 = Else 
18% 
 Northern region 1 = Northern region;  
0 = Else 
7% 
 Southern region 1 = Southern region;  
0 = Else 
11% 
 Western region 1 = Western region;  
0 = Else 
31% 
Interview Context    
Time of interview Timing of interview based on time/date 
stamps 
(Reference category: Interview 
starts/ends fully outside working 
days/hours) 
  
 Interview fully during working 
days/hours 
1 = Interview starts/ends during working 
days/hours; 
0 = Interview at least partially outside working 
days/hours 
17% 
 Interview both during and outside 
working days/hours 
1 = Interview occurs both within and outside 
working hours; 
0 = Interview either fully within or outside 
working hours 
23% 
ACASI Variable indicating whether ACASI was 
used, if ACASI were an option  
 
1 = ACASI used;  
0 = ACASI not used 
82% 
Type of third party 
presence during the  
questionnaire section 
in which the 
dependent variable of 
interest appeared4 
Interviewer observation: The following 
list presents types of relationships to the 
respondent. Select the one(s) that 
represent the person(s) who were present 
at any time during this section. 
(Reference category: no one aged 5+ 
present) 
  
 Parent/Parent in-law present (father, 
mother, father-in-law, mother-in-law) 
1 = Parent/parent in-law present;  
0 = No one aged 5+  present 
6% 
 Non-parent adult family member present 
(husband, wife, older brother, older 
sister, child aged 18+) 
1 = Non-parent adult family member present; 
0 = No one aged 5+  present 
5% 
                                                          
4 Data on specific type of person present were collected at the end of each section. The dependent variables included in the 
models reported in Table 2 originated in several different sections (e.g., item on suicide was in the screener section; items on 
polygamy were in the marriage section, etc.). Therefore, different sets of independent variables on type of person present 
were used in different models. Reported in this table are univariate distributions for the third-party presence data collected at 
the end of the Screener section, which contained the survey item relating to suicide. These data were consistent across 
different sections, varying only 1% - 2%, and we report only this set to demonstrate the typical range distribution range for 
this variable. 
6 
 
 Child/Teenager present (child aged 5 – 
17) 
1 = Child/teenager member present;  
0 = No one aged 5+  present 
4% 
 Unspecified other present  1 = Unspecified other present;  
0 = No one aged 5+ present 
7% 
Interviewer 
Demographics 
   
I Education Interviewer’s highest grade of school or 
year of college completed 
1 = Completed college degree, graduate 
degree, or professional degree;  
0 = Some college or less 
79% 
 
I Age Interviewer age 1 = Aged 30+;  
0 = Aged less than 30 
36% 
 
I Citizenship Interviewer citizenship  1 = Saudi;  
0 = Else 
72% 
 
I Marital status Interviewer’s current marital status 1 = Married;  
0 =Separated; divorced; widowed; never 
married 
45% 
 
I Income Interviewer annual income (Reference 
category: less than SR75,000) 
  
 High income 1 = SR100,000+;  
0 = Else 
39% 
 Medium income 1 = SR75,000 –SR99,999;  
0 = Else 
26% 
I Experience Other than the Saudi National Health and 
Stress survey, have you ever worked as 
an interviewer at any other survey or 
market research organization? 
1 = Yes;  
0 = No  
25% 
I Other work During the time you were an interviewer 
for the Saudi National Health and Stress 
survey, did you have any other paying 
jobs? 
1 = Yes;  
0 = No 
43% 
I Religiosity How important is religion in your daily 
life?  
1 = Very important;  
0 = Somewhat important or not important 
91% 
Interviewer attitudes    
Respect for privacy The overall culture in the Kingdom of 
Saudi Arabia respects one’s privacy 
needs 
1 = Strongly disagree/Disagree;  
0 = Strongly agree/Agree 
37% 
Difficult to request 
privacy 
It is difficult to ask for interview privacy 
in a culture like KSA 
1 = Strongly disagree/Disagree;  
0 = Strongly agree/Agree 
38% 
Like asking for 
privacy 
On a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 means 
“dislike very much” and 10 means “like 
very much”, how much do you like 
asking for a private interview?  
  
 Like a lot 1 = 9, 10;  
0 = Else 
44% 
 Like somewhat 1 = 7, 8;  
0 = Else 
34% 
Better non-private 
interview 
Which statement comes closest to how 
you feel as an interviewer? 
1 = It's better to conduct an interview with a 
respondent in the presence of a family member 
rather than to accept a refusal, even when you 
feel respondents won't give very accurate 
answers;  
0 = When you can’t achieve a private 
interview setting, it's better to postpone an 
interview with a respondent even if it might 
end up in a refusal 
59% 
 
7 
 
Appendix 9B 
Table A9B.1 Random Intercept Two Level Logistic Regression Model Predicting Third-party Presence during the Interview 
 
8 
 
 
Model 1 
(n = 2475)  
Model 2 
(n = 2475) 
Model 3 
(n = 2475) 
Model 4 
(n = 2475) 
Respondent-level Sociodemographics Coefficient SE Coefficient SE Coefficient SE Coefficient SE 
 Intercept 0.738 0.498 0.180 0.595 1.098 0.549 0.150 0.651 
 Male vs. Female -1.023** 0.251 -0.914** 0.246 -0.951** 0.223 -0.880** 0.228 
 
Marital status (ref. currently unmarried)   
   Currently married – never in a polygamous marriage -0.330* 0.154 -0.329* 0.155 -0.330* 0.154 -0.331* 0.154 
    Currently married – currently in polygamous marriage  0.389 0.366 0.390 0.366 0.381 0.367 0.380 0.365 
    Currently married – previously in polygamous marriage -0.299 0.504 -0.323 0.503 -0.283 0.507 -0.282 0.514 
 
Age (ref. 16-18 years old) 
   Age 18 – 29  -0.353 0.229 -0.358 0.229 -0.363 0.229 -0.360 0.229 
    Age 30 – 44 -0.258 0.284 -0.260 0.283 -0.270 0.284 -0.268 0.283 
    Age 45 – 54  -0.540 0.389 -0.551 0.390 -0.557 0.392 -0.558 0.392 
    Age 55 – 65  -0.914** 0.353 -0.921** 0.349 -0.945** 0.346 -0.943** 0.344 
 
Education (ref. <=6 yrs.) 
   7 – 9 yrs education  -0.745* 0.292 -0.745* 0.290 -0.755** 0.291 -0.751** 0.290 
    10 – 15 yrs education -0.533** 0.179 -0.537** 0.178 -0.545** 0.180 -0.541** 0.178 
    16+ yrs education -1.007** 0.220 -1.025** 0.219 -1.032** 0.222 -1.038** 0.220 
 Social phobia 12-month diagnosis 0.290 0.213 0.281 0.212 0.296 0.212 0.287 0.210 
 
Disability (ref. no disability) 
   Physical disability 0.401 0.302 0.4050 0.304 0.424 0.304 0.435 0.304 
    Other disability 0.353 0.208 0.347 0.207 0.358 0.205 0.351 0.205 
 
Household Size (ref. 1-4 members) 
   HH size 5 – 7 members 0.484** 0.142 0.481** 0.141 0.485** 0.141 0.487** 0.139 
    HH size 8+ members 0.250 0.194 0.246 0.194 0.251 0.196 0.255 0.197 
 Rural vs. Urban area 0.272 0.193 0.284 0.194 0.279 0.196 0.279 0.196 
 
Region (ref. central) 
   Eastern region -0.187 0.272 -0.153 0.280 -0.174 0.270 -0.102 0.279 
    Northern region 0.238 0.289 0.249 0.284 0.235 0.287 0.225 0.282 
    Southern region 0.106 0.353 0.108 0.346 0.100 0.343 0.082 0.340 
    Western region -0.33 0.238 -0.328 0.252 -0.353 0.243 -0.374 0.254 
 
Interview conducted (vs. outside working hours) 
    Interview during working hours -0.184 0.157 -0.189 0.157 -0.190 0.157 -0.192 0.157 
     Interview during & outside working hours 0.234 0.170 0.232 0.171 0.221 0.171 0.222 0.171 
Interviewer-level Sociodemographics         
 Have a college degree vs. lower education level   -0.04 0.280   0.266 0.260 
9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Older age (30-44 years old) vs. younger    0.11 0.322   0.0615 0.279 
 Saudi citizen vs. foreign   0.110 0.254   -0.144 0.277 
 Currently married vs. not   -0.632* 0.315   -0.191 0.346 
 
Income (ref: low) 
   High income   0.243 0.327   0.002 0.323 
    Middle income   0.201 0.251   -0.046 0.252 
 Prior interviewing experience vs. none   -0.515 0.291   -0.088 0.308 
 Concurrent job vs. none   0.571 0.322   0.375 0.308 
 Religion important vs. not   0.526 0.413   0.568 0.400 
Interviewer-level Attitudes         
 Disagree that KSA culture respects privacy vs. agree     0.508* 0.247 0.734** 0.275 
 Find it difficult to ask for privacy in KSA vs. not     -0.033 0.229 -0.006 0.214 
 
Like Asking for a private setting  
   Very much like vs. a little/none     -0.653* 0.277 -0.495⸶ 0.300 
    Somewhat  vs. a little/none     -0.540* 0.274 -0.367 0.266 
 Preference for non-private interviewer (vs. refusal)     -0.082 0.213 -0.071 0.216 
Interviewer variance (Standard error) 0.552 (0.157) 0.407 (0.139) 0.410 (0.159) 0.322 (0.128) 
-2 Log Likelihood 2947.16 2940.70 2934.92 2929.88 
 Weighted estimates; Level 1=respondent, Level 2=interviewer, Rescaled Part I weight. ⸶p<0.1; * p< 0.05; **p < 0.01 


Chapter 9: Why do Interviewers Vary in Achieving Interview Privacy and Does Privacy Matter? Appendix 9

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