This research project was designed as a large scale detailed study of British swords and
spearheads, of the period from approximately 1250-750BC.
202 small metallurgical samples and 4 large sword cross sections were examined
metallographically. Chemical compositions were ascertained.
Sections of 'sword edge' were prepared and impacted experimentally to reproduce
combat damage and the results used to help assess the 499 swords and 485
spearheads, which were measured and examined visually. The results were analysed
statistically according to regional and typological groupings.
The distribution of manufacturing characteristics showed significant regional and
typological variations and indicate a hierarchy of technical proficiency. Metallographic
examinations also revealed a number of weapons which had been burnt. The
compositional analyses showed metal being recycled and mixed, although alloys used
were similar.
Aspects of typological classification were quantified and regional patterns of distribution
were assessed. Patterns of damage confirmed that that the majority of the weapons had
probably been used in combat before deposition. There were significant regional and
chronological differences in the proportions so used. Patterns of non-combat damage,
breakage and depositional context showed that despite evident similarities some highly
significant regional, chronological and typological differences existed.
The weapons indicate that warfare was endemic but probably sporadic and low level.
Communities appear to have exercised some form of social sanctioning over warriors, in
part by incorporating weapons and the concept of war symbolically within their
ceremonials. Deposition practices varied with time and locality but many do appear to
have been ritual. There were also distinct regional and chronological traditions in the
design, manufacturing and pre-depositional combat use of weapons. The evidence points
to an escalation in long distance travel and exchange of goods and ideas, increasing
contacts between regions, where people adapted the new to their own society