Outdoor space in between heritage buildings of heritage streets defines as ‘outdoor living room’. Whether it’s impressively ‘heritage’ or ‘commercially’ character; physical and socio-cultural characteristics of the streets have great influence towards eliciting on-street pedestrian model. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between timeframe and density, activity and movement based on the on-street cultural phenomenon. For the purpose of this paper, the presentation unveiled one section of the study which shares the analysis on-street’s aerial-visual data only. Unobtrusive methods were employed through Digital Photography and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) at Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka. The objectives of this study are to interpret density, activity and movement analysis

Mohd Yunus, Rodzyah

Omar, Dasimah

Samadi, Zalina

English

Universiti Teknologi MARA Institutional Repository

On-Street Visual Analysis  
on Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka 
Zalina Samadi, Dasimah Omar, Rodzyah Mohd Yunus 
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,  
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 
zalina_samadi@yahoo.com  
Abstract 
Outdoor space in between heritage buildings of heritage streets defines as ‘outdoor living room’. 
Whether it’s impressively ‘heritage’ or ‘commercially’ character; physical and socio-cultural 
characteristics of the streets have great influence towards eliciting on-street pedestrian model. The 
purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between timeframe and density, activity and 
movement based on the on-street cultural phenomenon. For the purpose of this paper, the presentation 
unveiled one section of the study which shares the analysis on-street’s aerial-visual data only. 
Unobtrusive methods were employed through Digital Photography and Closed Circuit Television 
(CCTV) at Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka. The objectives of this study are to interpret density, activity and 
movement analysis.  
Keywords: Outstanding value; outdoor living room; pedestrian pattern; street shopping 
eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, 
Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour 
Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-
Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. 
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i9.27 
Samadi, Z., et.al. / Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies (ajE-Bs), 3(9) Jul / Aug 2018 (p.105-113) 
 
106 
1.0 Introduction 
The direct relationship between pedestrian movements and on-street activity to revitalize a 
positive aura within a heritage outdoor space may be fully not understood, but further studies 
on heritage street’s therapeutic attributes with pedestrian prove that indulging in creative 
activities such as outdoor street shopping often decreases solemnity and increases livability. 
However, the relationship between pedestrian movement and activity can be analyzed fully 
through a number of methods including Digital Photography Analysis or Close Circuit 
Television (CCTV) which records street’s activities. The current research on evaluating urban 
outdoor space quality indicated that both manual and technological application is applied as 
complimentary methods. Understanding the high value of revitalization that has positive 
aura’s enhancement within a heritage outdoor space has sparkle the responsible city 
authority known as Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah (MBMB) to joint-venture with the Ibu 
Pejabat Kontinjen Polis, Melaka Tengah (IPK, Melaka Tengah).  
The form of data collected is in the form of video motion and non motion detection. From 
time to time, all collected video camera input data is kept for record purpose in case of any 
crime and accident scene in the area. Jalan Hang Jebat is accepted by public as one of the 
most vibrant streets within the heritage core zone with least crime area. Therefore, this 
juxtaposition has elevated this street with added value as a unique identity: ‘vibrant but secure 
street’.  Due to this uniqueness of high revitalization with peaceful street yet maintains its 
vibrancy makes the street a real attractive street. No doubt, this street has its own outstanding 
value on top of the outstanding universal value as established in UNESCO World Heritage 
Sites in 2008. 
 
1.1 Outstanding Value 
Outstanding universal value of Melaka is on her ‘multi-culturalism’ quality which rarely found 
to the world. The architectural style of its built heritage is demonstrated in the historical shop 
houses.  The cultural heritage is demonstrated through the continuous trading lifestyle as 
previous port city activity from the sub-cultures from Asian such as India, China, Malay and 
other continent such as Europe.  There are mainly three most Outstanding Universal Values 
as recorded by Cultural Heritage Action Theme (CHAT) of Penang: 
 First Outstanding Universal Value: the Multi-trading town as forged from exchanges of 
cultures 
 Second Outstanding Universal Value: a Living Testimony of Tangible and Intangible 
Heritage 
 Third Outstanding Universal Value: the Melting Pot of Multicultural Architecture and 
Township 
The similar value and built heritage of early shop houses can also be found in Melaka. 
The similarity image and identity between Penang and Melaka shop houses are due to the 
identical social influences of the heritage cities of the Straits of Malacca with spice up with 
architecture from the British Colonial, European, Asian and multi-ethnic influences.  
 
Samadi, Z., et.al. / Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies (ajE-Bs), 3(9) Jul / Aug 2018 (p.105-113) 
 
107 
1.2 Outdoor Living Room 
R. Robertson (1992) in the particularization within the globalization age stated dictated that 
globalization has its own richness such as particularization of local tourism activity 
empowerment to attract global tourism. For instance, to consume World Heritage Sites 
physically tourists can only access the physical elements such as the architecture or the 
interior in the indoor and the outdoor space of the sites. The activities that tourists may do 
are visiting galleries, shopping, eating and heritage walking. In this research, outdoor living 
room refers the outdoor public space in between heritage streets with designed to provide 
tourist basic amenity while they are off their accommodation. An appropriate outdoor living 
room provides street furniture which is design for all. The furniture shall be made up of 
resilience material, robust and flexible quality to cater universal tourism. (Evans, 2009) 
promotes creative spaces in revitalizing urban area by all means of design principles to 
reduce unintended area and reduce the crime-prone area. (Edwards, Griffin & Hayllar, 2008) 
identified weakness on the lack of integration of spaces among practitioners, researchers 
and policy maker. This is the one of the threats of a livable heritage city which caused under-
utilized and negative space in the urban area. The space shall be focused for urban 
recreation activities rather than left as unintended and no man’s land (Samadi, Z and 
Hasbullah, M.N., 2008). 
 
1.3 Pedestrian Pattern  
The research on pedestrian pattern and intensity were cross examined by many city legibility 
researchers. Stefan, S. (2006) described that the accuracy of application of Geo-Positioning 
System (GPS) until the millennium era was limited up to thirty meters from the ground due to 
international military safety restriction.  Due to that limitation and satellite’s accessibility 
restriction to obtain data from the authority has lead the research conduct to have on-street 
pedestrian observation to record pedestrian pattern. At this level, human eye level’s has its 
advantageous in terms of visualising the outdoor environment, the density of pedestrian and 
the on-street activity. The daily operation for the indoor shopping activity in the heritage shop 
houses of Jalan Hang Jebat begins in between nine o’clock in the morning to ten o’clock at 
night. From Friday to Sunday, the business activity in the shop houses closed at seven 
o’clock in the evening to allow Night Market to operate until midnight. This activity attracts 
overflows of pedestrian for on-street shopping and dining. This night market has attracted 
local and international tourists. Some of them simply come to enjoy shopping and join the 
crowd to feel the vibrant environment. The character of the street is supported by pedestrian 
flow from the nearby heritage tourism activity where visitors come to visit historical 
monuments in Bandar Hilir such as A Famosa, Stadhuy’s, Museum of Malacca and Melaka 
Night Cruise. 
 
1.4 Heritage Streets Shopping 
Street Shopping is the main activities in Jalan Hang Jebat. Besides that, due to local 
communities demand on public entertainment for the elderly who stayed at the surrounding 
area the heritage street provides an open air outdoor stage with minus-one equipment for 
performance. The location of this open air stage was towards the end of Jalan Hang Jebat 
Samadi, Z., et.al. / Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies (ajE-Bs), 3(9) Jul / Aug 2018 (p.105-113) 
 
108 
heading to Jalan Kubu. This performer is for fun but it has attracted more street shoppers to 
visit and access live and joyful ambiance to create richness experience. 
 
1.5 Aerial-Visual 
According to Thomas, A. and Gevanthor, A. (2007) defined that aerial as originated in early 
17th century from Latin called “aerius” and from Greek called “aerios”. It is the most common, 
versatile and economical form of remote sensing. This paper only shares the digital camera 
version. Prior to the research conduct, researchers logged in a report to the police 
department for ensuring their presence on-street were under the protection by the police. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1: Night market view shopping along Jalan Hang Jebat 
 
 
2.0 Methodology 
 
2.1 Participation, Ethics and Procedures for CCTV 
This research was conducted in between March 2012 to August 2012 with two non-obtrusive 
measures; Digital Photography Analysis and CCTV Analysis. However, the interpretation in 
the research does not achieve the level of forensic CCTV Video Analysis as offered by 
Forensic Resources Ltd (2009). In terms of research participation, CCTV does not involve 
end-users direct involvement except for recording their routine behavior in the real 
phenomenon on the street. The application of CCTV video camera is typically used to capture 
and record the event of any suspicious circumstances and recall event to a non broadcast 
transmission system.  
The police department together with MBMB set the CCTV at the selected points. The exact 
positioning of the equipment was identified in ensuring public safety and function as part of 
crime reduction measures for maintaining high quality safety and surveillance. The CCTV 
setting in the heritage street is part of the precaution to detect and provide useful information 
on end users behavioral patterns. This research does not require as direct participation but 
end-users were observed in terms of their movement pattern, behavior and intensity from the 
CCTV only. However, due to the limitation of view there is a space which is located as hidden 
Samadi, Z., et.al. / Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies (ajE-Bs), 3(9) Jul / Aug 2018 (p.105-113) 
 
109 
spot. The researcher required to grant written permission as the ethical procedure from the 
Head of Police Contingent at Bukit Beruang prior to the CCTV assessment.  
 
2.2 Aerial-Visual Assessment Criteria (Avac): Research Design and Data Log Sheet  
This research employ unobtrusive-data collection with on-street manual calculation was 
recorded for calculating on street intensity of end-users passing and shopping along the study 
street. This manual calculation on site was counter checked again from digital photography 
and CCTV for validating the result. However, due to non-synchronized in terms of time for 
collecting the end-users’ intensity considered as common error since the conduct of this 
research was done individually. Similar with the digital camera; the data collected from the 
CCTV’s real-time of video camera data collection also not synchronized as the same time as 
manually collection. The following figures representing samples of digital photography used 
for on-site data for analysis in calculating density of street during night market. However, the 
CCTV data is strictly confidential and limitedly for viewing. This paper only share the Aerial-
Visual Assessment (AVA) used for the analysis on the provided data.   
 
Table 1: Sample of A4-sized data log sheet of the Aerial-Visual Assessment (AVA) 
Timeline Duration  
(6 Option) 
Type of 
Activity  
(3 options) 
Intensity of 
people  
10 sq ft area  
(4 options) 
Movement 
(3 options) 
Morning 
Afternoon 
Evening 
Early Night 
Midnight 
Night 
Market 
0800-1200 
1200-1600 
1600-2000 
2000-2400 
2400-0400 
1800-2400 
Indoor 
Shopping 
Indoor 
&Outdoor  
On-street 
shopping 
1-5 
6-10 
11-15 
20-30 
 
Direct and one 
way only 
Meandering 
and to and 
from shopping 
outlet 
Meandering 
Active 
 
 
3.0 Result And Discussion 
 
3.1 Activity along Jalan Hang Jebat 
Based on the data collection in March 2012 to October 2012, there are three main activities 
in Jalan Hang Jebat. The first activity is Indoor Shopping which is lineage along the heritage 
shop houses. The second activity is Indoor and Outdoor Shopping and the third one is On-
Street Shopping. The activity is observed as varies along the daytime and night-time line as 
shown in the following table.  
 
 
 
 
 
Samadi, Z., et.al. / Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies (ajE-Bs), 3(9) Jul / Aug 2018 (p.105-113) 
 
110 
Table 2: Activity along Jalan Hang Jebat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2: Selected type of activity by pedestrian 
 
3.2 Intensity of End Users Including Visitors, Shop Owners and Street Vendors 
The first one is as Low Distributed Pattern (LDP) with a number of pedestrian with intensity 
between 1-5 person in 10 square meter area as detected early in the morning, afternoon and 
evening along the walkway of the study street. Pedestrian passing by to their work place and 
tourist also found for site seeing. This is due to the vehicular traffic is open for accessibility 
for both directions that limit pedestrian to walk on the street. The second is the Average 
Distribution Pattern (ADP) with the rate of the pedestrian is between 6-10 end users in 10 
square meter area which pedestrian pass by in between peak time. The third one is the High 
Distribution Pattern (HDP) rate of pedestrian intensity of 20-30 end-users in 10 square meter 
area during the evening to mid-night.  
 
Table 3: Intensity of pedestrian at Jalan Hang Jebat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Timeline  Duration Type of Activity % of 
Frequency 
Morning 
Afternoon 
Evening 
0800-1200 
1200-1600 
1600-2000 
Indoor Shopping 
Indoor Shopping 
Indoor & Outdoor 
11.40 
22.00 
18.00 
Early Night 
 Midnight 
2000-2400 
2400-0400 
Indoor & Outdoor 
Indoor & Outdoor 
30.10 
  2.00 
Friday  to Sunday 
[Night Market] 
1800-2400 On-street shopping  16.50 
Total   100.00 
Timeline 
 
Duration Intensity of End 
User in 10 square 
meter area 
% of 
Frequency 
Morning 
Afternoon 
Evening 
0800-1200 
1200-1600 
1600-2000 
1-5 
6-10 
11-15 
 8.00 
25.00 
12.00 
Early Night 
 Midnight 
2000-2400 
2400-0400 
11-15 
1-5 
13.00 
17.00 
Friday to Sunday [Night 
Market] 
1800-2400 20-30 25.00 
Total                  100.00%  
Samadi, Z., et.al. / Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies (ajE-Bs), 3(9) Jul / Aug 2018 (p.105-113) 
 
111 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 3: Result of pedestrian intensity 
 
3.3 Pedestrian Movement Pattern of Linear Linkages 
 
Table 4: Pedestrian movement at Jalan Hang Jebat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 4: Result of Pedestrian Movement’s Preference 
 
Timeline Duration Pedestrian  
Movement  
% of Frequency 
Morning 
Afternoon 
Evening 
0800-1200 
1200-1600 
1600-2000 
Direct and one way 
To and fro shopping  
To and fro shopping  
12 
10 
18 
Early Night 
 Midnight 
2000-2400 
2400-0400 
To and fro shopping 
Direct and one way 
22 
20 
Friday to 
Sunday [Night 
Market] 
1800-2400 Meandering and active  18 
Total   100.00% 
Samadi, Z., et.al. / Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies (ajE-Bs), 3(9) Jul / Aug 2018 (p.105-113) 
 
112 
The existing pattern of pedestrian movement pattern has created a very strong linear linkage 
along Jalan Hang Jebat. The pattern varies along the 24 hours during the weekdays. During 
research conduct and data collection period which took about six months duration, it is 
observed that there were three main patterns in this street which varies from peak hour to 
low peak pattern can be detected in this street. Most of the pedestrian along this street are 
shop owners, vendors, local and international tourists and tourist guides who are very familiar 
with the tourism culture.  
 
 
4.0 Conclusion 
The empowerment shop owners and street vendors in Jalan Hang Jebat in managing the 
heritage street caused a great impact towards the revitalization of the street. Even though 
the encouragement from the local authority through physical enhancement of shop houses 
provided initiatives for street improvement but the employed data analysis have proved that 
livability and vibrancy of activity of the outdoor living room is highly depending on the 
pedestrian intensity. By having this study, hopefully it helps on improving the pedestrian 
movement management in heritage streets in Melaka.  
 
 
Acknowledgment 
The author wishes to dedicate special acknowledgement to the Melaka Central Police 
Headquarters for their approval for current and future assessment of the CCTV which was 
granted in May 2012. Unforgettable acknowledgement dedicated to Datuk Wira Gan Boon 
Leong due to his kind corporation from his residency/office at Jalan Kubu Melaka during data 
collection in conducting this research.  
 
 
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On-street visual analysis on Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka / Zalina Samadi, Dasimah Omar and Rodzyah Mohd Yunus.

http://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/29855/1/AJ_ZALINA%20SAMADI%20AJE-BS%20B%2018.pdf

On-street visual analysis on Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka / Zalina Samadi, Dasimah Omar and Rodzyah Mohd Yunus.

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