This report includes full details of the calculations used in determining flows into and out of the Colosseum. It should be read in conjunction with the published paper in the Proceedings of ICE
Civil Engineering 160 November 2007
Pages 184–191 Paper 900019

Crapper, Martin

Edinburgh Research Archive

 1 of 5Hydraulic Calculations Relating to the Flooding and Draining of the Roman Colosseum for Naumachiae  Research Report  Edinburgh Research Archive (www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk)  By  Martin Crapper PhD C Eng MICE MCIWEM July 2007    2 of 5This report includes full details of the calculations used in determining flows into and out of the Colosseum. It should be read in conjunction with the published paper.   Contents  1. Flow in the Aqueduct 2. Flow in the Pipes from the Caelian Hill to the Colosseum 3. Flow through the Arena – WaterCAD Analysis 4. Drainage of the Colosseum – MATLAB Analysis 5. Attached Files    3 of 51. Flow in the Aqueduct    Figure 1: Scaling of Aqua Claudia (tape is extended to 1m)  1.1 Channel Size (see figure 1) Note: following calculation is based on original sized digital figure (file 1 attached). Above figure illustrates the principle only. From the figure, 1 pixel of original figure = 0.0179m. Height of channel = 82 pixels or 1.46m Width = 47 pixels or 0.84m.  1.2 Channel Slope Readings Elevation 8km outside city= 77m to channel (height from ground estimated by counting stones of known dimension), ground height by GPS Elevation of Colosseum Arena Floor 17m (GPS) Approximate height of Caelian above arena floor = 25m Thus probable head of aqueduct outside Colosseum = 17+25 = 42m  Difference from 8km outside city = 77 – 42 = 35m  Average Slope of Aqueduct = 35/8000 = 0.004375, 1:229 or 0.4375%  1.3 Manning’s Formula Flow Calculation Assume depth of flow = 1.25m A = 0.82*1.25=1.05  P= 0.84+(2*1.25)=3.34  4 of 5R = A/P = 0.314 S= 0.004375 n= 0.015      Thus  v= 2.03 and Q = vA = 2.13 cumecs or 184069m3 per day  Frontinus has 184000m3/day or 2.12 cumecs.   2. Flow in the Pipes from the Caelian Hill to the Colosseum Assumed diameter = 0.3m Assumed Head Difference =25m Assumed Length = 300m Slope = 25/300 = 0.08333 Assumed Hazen Williams C = 90 v= 0.354*D0.63*C*S0.54 = 0.354*0.30.63*90*0.083330.54 = 3.9m/s Area=πD2/4=0.0707m2 Q=vA=0.275 cumecs Flow in 4 pipes = 1.03 cumecs.   3. Flow through the Arena – WaterCAD Analysis This analysis is described in the paper. The parameters are repeated here for convenience.  The software used was Haestad Methods WaterCAD version 1.5.  Input data is given in Table 1. A sample WaterCAD input file is appended as file 2. The file appended includes pipe diameters at 150mm; these need to be edited individually to reproduce the other results. Full results are included in the paper.  Table 1: Details of network data used for simulation of flow through arena  Network Component Details  Note: all pipes with Hazen-Williams C of 90 and minor loss coefficient of 0.37  Reservoir at Caelian Hill Constant surface elevation 50m Pipe connecting Caelian and Colosseum Length 300m, diameter 300mm.  Outer ring Made up of 6no pipes each of 22m length. Constant elevation 25m. Diameters varied from 150-250mm Radial connexions 7no pipes each of 66.50m length with free outfall at downstream end.  Hypogeum Tank of base elevation 19m.   4. Drainage of the Colosseum – MATLAB Analysis This calculation was based on a free outflow from a reservoir, ie:  ( ) Qyygbysynb=−= 212352 221  Where y1 is the upstream (reservoir) depth and y2 the depth in the channel.   5 of 5 In this case this was solved by a simple explicit finite difference scheme. Initially y1 is the initial depth in the hypogeum (1.5m – depths taken above the outlet invert). The equation gives y2 and hence the outflow discharge Q, allowing the new y1 to be determined at the next timestep.  The MATLAB program is appended as file 3. It operates from the MATLAB command window with the following command line   coldrain(slope, n, dt, resultsfilename)   slope is the outflow channel slope as a decimal, n the Manning’s n, dt the timestep and resultsfilename a text string giving the file name to be written.  Sample results are attached as file 4. The results are formatted in three columns as follows:  Slope time depth Manning’s n “ “ Time Step  “ “ Not used “ “ …. … … Not used “ “  The tests were run using MATLAB 6.5.   5. Attached Files The following files accompany this report:  File Number Filename Description File 1 colrr_fig1.jpg Full size version of Fig 1 for scaling File 2 colrr_wa.wcd WaterCAD input file File 3 colrr_matlabdrain,m MATLAB script for drainage calculation File 4 colrr_drainresultsexample.txt Example results from MATLAB script     

Hydraulic Calculations Relating to the Flooding and Draining of the Roman Colosseum for Naumachiae

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Hydraulic Calculations Relating to the Flooding and Draining of the Roman Colosseum for Naumachiae

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