Mutual Aid in the Welfare State is divided into four parts.
The first part outlines the idea of organizational form as the
way that the people in an organization are organized, and
distinguishes three types of voluntary organization: the third of
these is identified as voluntary organizational form. After a
discussion of the role of values in Social Science, the
organizational tradition of Anarchism is explained, as being the
most suitable way of looking at mutual aid groups and voluntary
organizational form. As well as an exposition of the classic
anarchist theorists, the development of anarchist organizational
forms in Spain before the Civil War is used as a practical
illustration of how anarchist organization theory has developed
and works. The second part of the thesis turns to sociology. It was observed
in the first part that although anarchist theory was
comprehensive enough in its dealings with federalism, the
mutualist elements of the theory were under-developed. This gap
in mutualist theory is filled by a consideration of community and
organizational sociology, which are both criticized for the
rationalist bias that intrudes in the way they have developed.
The main sources used are Tonnies and Weber. A theory of mutual
aid is then developed from a consideration of what mutual aid
groups are not. This is then linked in with the theories of
Habermas and writings from modern feminism. The second part
concludes with a criticism of the oligarchical theories of
Michels, which have up till now been the main sociological
paradigm for voluntary organizing. The third part of the thesis introduces cases from the literature
on voluntary groups in an expansion of the ideas of mutual aid
which were developed theoretically. In the course of this,
distinctions between different types of mutual aid group are
drawn, together with an analysis of different problems faced by
each type. Distinctions between mutual aid groups and some
commonly overlapping categories of organization are drawn also.
The third part concludes with an examination of the relationships
between the state and mutual aid groups. The fourth and last section of the thesis is devoted to a more
detailed examination of the Scottish Pre-School Playgroups
Association. SPPA has the classic organizational form laid out in
anarchist organization theory, illustrates many of the points
made about mutual aid groups in other parts of the thesis, and
manages to co-exist with the state. The argument of the thesis is
that one example is all that is needed to show that mutualist and
anarchist organization is a viable alternative to hierarchical
organization which people are typically more used to. SPPA is
that example, and consequently serves as an empirical
illustration of the rest of the thesis