Banniza, Sabine

Chatterton, Syama

Hubbard, Michelle

Phelps, Sherrilyn

Ziesman, Barb

English

University of Saskatchewan Research Archive

Rethinking pulse crop production in the era of Aphanomyces root rotSabine BannizaSherrilyn Phelps, Syama Chatterton, Michelle Hubbard & Barb ZiesmanAgri-Food CanadaAgriculture and 0500,0001,000,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,000Area (ha)Beans Chickpeas Lentils PeasAhanomyces euteiches0501001502002503003504004505001998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019Precipitation (mm)April - June July-September Syama Chatterton, AAFCEffect of Aphanomyces root rot on pea yield stability   in France• Identification of A. euteiches in 1993• Increasing yield instability then• Replacement of pea with fababean in severely infested regionsPathotypes DISEASE RESPONSE ON THE GENOTYPE NUMBER OF ISOLATESBACCARA CAPELLA MN313 902131 552 PI 180693I + + + + + + 82II + + + + + - 5II + + - + + + 2IV + + - + - + 1V + + + - + - 1VI + - - - - - 3VII + + + + - - 1VIII + + - + - - 2IX + - + + - - 1X + + + - - - 2XI + + + - - - 1Root rot severity rated with a 0-5 index, score < 1 indicated non-pathogenic (-), ≥ 1 pathogenic (+)Adapted from Wicker & Rouxel 2001. European Journal of Plant Pathology 107, 919–929.05101520253035I IIINumber of isolatesVirulence TypePathotypes in Saskatchewan and AlbertaBreeding for resistance in pea at CDC• 7 CDC pea varieties• Sources of 2 of the 7 major QTLs:00.511.522.533.544.5590-2079 (Ae-PS4.5)PI 660736(Ae-Ps7.6)CDC 2936-7 CDC 2950-19 CDC MeadowRoot discolouration (0-5)0                                1                2                 3                 4            5(No root discoloration) (1 to 25%)          (26 to 50%)             (51 to 75%)           (76 to 100%)     (Dead)01020304050607080901006734_446571_1106729_1256575_1546726-6-C36583-356-C36728-27-C46577-105-C46728-73-C56581-121-C56724-26--C66570-233-C66822-33-C76570-214-C7CDC Meadow90-2079 PI66073390-2079 PI66073690-2079 PI66073390-2079 PI66072990-2079 PI66073690-2079 PI66073690-2079 PI660736CDC Spruce CDC 4053-4 CDC Inca CDC Forest CDC Forest CDC 2950-19/CDCSpectrumCDC Spectrum CDCMeadow% of CDC MeadowBC2F3Lor: Lens orientalis, Ll: L. lamottei, Lt: L. tomentosus, Lo: L. odemensis, Le L. ervoidesBreeding for resistance in lentil at CDC 020406080100120Lor IG136671Lor IG72601Lor IG137358Lor IG72595Ll IG110809Ll IG110809Lor IG72592Lor IG144228Ll IG110809Lor IG72529Lor IG136669Lor IG72601Lor IG140891Lor IG72603Lor IG72605Lor IG72601Lt IG136666Lor IG72776Lor IG72622Lo IG723601Lor IG136668Lo IG72601Lor IG137358Lor IG137552Le IG72589Lor IG137429Lor IG72601Lor IG72524Lor IG72615Lor IG72601Lor IG136802Lor IG137606Lor IG140893Lor IG140970Ll IG110809Lor IG72735Lor BGE016880CDC ProclaimLor IG136673Wanted: Magic Plant BreederMagic Black BoxDurability of the resistance in pea (and lentil)• After 20 years of research and breeding no release yet of pea variety with partial resistance in France• Highly virulent isolates in the Canadian population?• Field resistance of new varieties?• Resistance management in Canada? 020406080100120140AE24Ae16-01AE1AE23Ae-16-04AE21AE22AE29AE26AE18 AE9AE19AE31AE17 AE4AE12AE30AE109AE2AE11AE32AE28Ae2.IND15AE6AE20RB84AE34AE14AE15Ae3.IND15AE3AE5AE27AE33AE13AE10 AE7AE25% of RB84 (=100%)PI 660736RESISTANCE WILL NOT SOLVE APHANOMYCES ROOT ROTBiology versus Economics: LentilR² = 0.004705001,0001,5002,0002,5000 100 200 300 400Seeded Area (thousand ha)Precipitation SK growing season (mm)Area vs previous year's precipitationR² = 0.548505001,0001,5002,0002,5000 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Average price ($/t)Area vs previous year's priceTheoretical oospore survival of Aphanomyces euteiches in the soil01002003004005006000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19Oospores concentration (# /g soil)Years without peaThreshold for severe root rotThreshold for root rot symptomsEstimated 20 % mortality per year based on data of Pfender & Hagedorn 1983. Phytopathology 73,1109-1113.S. Phelps, SPGRotation• Meskotascikewin• Rotation des cultures• Fruchtfolge• Сівозміни• Vetésforgó• Växtföljd• Vuoroviljely• फसल का चिक्रकरण• 轮作Crop Choices: Hosts for AphanomycesCrop Disease reaction OosporesPea Susceptible YesLentil Susceptible YesCicer milkvetch Susceptible YesDry bean Variable FewAlfalfa Variable YesChickpea Resistant FewSainfoin Resistant FewFaba bean Resistant NoSoybean Non-host NoFenugreek Non-host NoSource: Dr. S. Chatterton,  AAFC & Dr. S. Banniza U of S Rotation Project with Resistant Pulses (2018-2023)• Can resistant pulse crops reduce / exhaust oospore reservoir?• Field sites had pea in 2017 (Swift Current) or 2016 (all other sites).Breaks between peas Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 52018 2019 2020 20212022*1-year break Pea Cereal Pea Cereal Pea1-year break +  pulse crop Chickpea Cereal Chickpea Cereal Pea2 year break Canola Pea Canola Cereal Pea2 year break + pulse crop Chickpea Pea Canola Chickpea Pea3-year break Canola Cereal Pea Cereal Canola3-year break + pulse crop Chickpea Cereal Pea Cereal Chickpea4-year break Canola Cereal Canola Pea Cereal4-year break + pulse crop Chickpea Cereal Canola Pea Cereal5-year break Canola Cereal Canola Cereal Pea5-year break + pulse crops Chickpea Cereal Canola Cereal PeaCourtesy of Drs. Hubbard/Chatterton, AAFC Swift Current/LethbridgeAgri-Food CanadaAgriculture and Rotation Project with Resistant Pulses (Dr. Hubbard, AAFC Swift Current) Agri-Food CanadaAgriculture and 0%20%40%60%80%100%Soybean Pea Soybean PeaLomond Redvers0%20%40%60%80%100%Chickpea Pea Chickpea PeaTaber SwiftAph = Aphanomyces euteiches Fred = Fusarium redolens Fsol = Fusarium solani Fave = Fusarium avenaceum Numbers represent numbers of fungal cells/gram of root tissueRotation with potentially suppressive crops• Certain brassicas (e.g. white mustards)• Oats• Others? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_mustardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OatRotation with suppressive crops – Brassica species• Swedish pot trial with infested field soil showed positive effect of white mustard cover crop and fertilization on subsequent peaGlucosinolates volatile isothiocyanates(ITCs)BUT negative effect on nodulation Incidence of Aphanomyces pea root rot (disease severity index, DSI) on peas grown for 4 weeks in a bioassay after growing cover crops for 11 weeks at a low or high N dose in Aphanomyces euteichesinfested soil, and removal of both shoots and roots of cover crops (Adapted from Hossain et al. 2015. Plant and Soil392, 227–238)Rotation project with Brassicas and other potentially beneficial ropsSyama Chatterton & Christopher Morrison, AAFC Lethbridge• Includes oats, rye, mustard, Brassica carinata, faba bean (control) as green manure or seed crop• Legume (clover or vetch) - Brassica cover crop (biofumigation and/or Aphanomyces increases?)• Assorted combinations of Brassica species, based on species with high glucosinolate levels and availability of seed from Canadian seed suppliers Agri-Food CanadaAgriculture and Species Grau et al. Plant Disease 1991, 75 (11), 1153-1156Chatterton 2020 (AAFC Lethbridge)Arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) RAslike clover (T. hybridum) RBerseem clover (T. alexandrinum) S RBird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) RChickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus) SCowpea (Vigna unguiculata) RCrimson clover (T. incarnatum) S SCrown vetch (Securigera varia) REbena vetch (Vicia sativa) SFaba bean SField pea SGarden pea SHungvillosa vetch (Vicia villosa) SWhite Dutch/Ladino clover (T. repens) R RLima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) SLucerne/alfalfa (Medicago sativa) SLupine (Lupinus spp.) R RPersian clover (T. resupinatum) Maybe SRed clover/Sweet red clover (T. pretense) S RSnap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) SSoybean RSubterranean clover (T. subterraneum) RWhite sweet clover (Melilotus albus) SYellow blossom/sweet clover (M. officinalis) Maybe Shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifolium_incarnatumhttps://www.plant-world-seeds.com/store/view_seed_item/3964https://www.britannica.com/plant/alfalfahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifolium_alexandrinumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_villosahttps://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1335Managing root rots• Avoidance of soil compaction– Avoid rolling wet soils– Delay rolling beyond crop emergence when top soil is wet• 5th node (3rd true leaf) PEA• 7th node (5th true leaf) LENTIL• Tilling?– Z. Kendel (PAMI) (2 years, Swift Current, Indian Head, Prince Albert)– No difference to date among zero, conservation or vertical till treatmentsAdapted from Whatley, 1993 - LENTILSAgronomics to Protect Pea Yield (WARC)1 site year (2019 preliminary) – Jessica Weber, WARC TRT Pre-Seed Herbicide Fertilizer(lb/ac)Seed Treatment Foliar Nutrient1 Glyphosate 4N, 20 P None N/A2 Glyphosate 4N 20 P Vibrance Maxx + Intego N/A3 Glyphosate + Trifluralin 4N 20 P Vibrance Maxx N/A4 Glyphosate + Trifluralin 4N 20 P Vibrance Maxx + Intego N/A5 Glyphosate + Trifluralin 4N 20 P Vibrance Maxx + Intego Rogue II (Fn)6 Glyphosate 20N, 50 P, 20 K, 10 S None N/A7 Glyphosate 20N, 50 P, 20 K, 10 S Vibrance Maxx + Intego N/A8 Glyphosate + Trifluralin 20N, 50 P, 20 K, 10 S Vibrance Maxx N/A9 Glyphosate + Trifluralin 20N, 50 P, 20 K, 10 S Vibrance Maxx + Intego N/A10 Glyphosate + Trifluralin 20N, 50 P, 20 K, 10 S Vibrance Maxx + Intego Rogue II0204060801 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Yield (bu/acre)Scott (4.5) Swift Current (3.1) Melfort (0.5) Outlook (4.3)Fertility• Starter N: 15 lbs/acre available N (up to 10 lbs/acre safe) • Replacement of P:• 50 bu pea = 35 lbs P removed• 40 bu lentil = 24 lbs P removed• Up to 15 - 20 lb P/acre actual seed placed is safeIncidence of Aphanomyces pea root rot (disease severity index, DSI) on peas grown for 4 weeks in a bioassay after growing cover crops for 11 weeks at a low or high N dose in Aphanomyces euteiches infested soil, and removal of both shoots and roots of cover crops (Adapted from Hossain et al. 2015. Plant and Soil392, 227–238)Nutrient Removal Rates (lbs/bu)Crop Phosphorus Potassium SulfurPea 0.7 0.7 0.1Lentil 0.6 1.1 0.2Canola 1.0 0.5 0.3Wheat 0.6 0.4 0.1Managing root rots• Increasing soil pH in acidic soils– Low pH stresses pea & lentil– Aphanomyces prefers acidic soils• Increasing Ca in the soil?• Weed management– Herbicide injury = stress– Weeds susceptible to aphanomycesroot rot (shepherd’s purse, chickweed, vetches, pansyControl of Pea Leaf Weevil• Mutualistic interaction between Fusariumavenaceum (FRR) and Sitonia lineatuslarvae (PLW)– Increased infection through wounded nodules– Reduced PLW mortality, possibly through fungal detoxification of pisatin• Increase in disease severity – Fungal colonization of injured root nodules– Reduced N fixation27Willsey et al 2019. Crop Protection 116, 108-114 Seed Treatments• Lots for Fusarium, Rhizoctoniaand Pythium• Aphanomyces– Intego Solo / Ethaboxam (NuFarm)• Biologicals?Pulse crop production in the futures• Diverse crop rotations with long breaks between pea and lentil– Promotion of alternative crops, e.g. faba bean, chickpea• Mixed/intercropping with suppressive species• Comprehensive integrated crop management system• Careful management of resistant germplasm012345678910SCOREComplexity of disease managementAcknowledgementsCROP DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

Rethinking pulse crop production in the era of Aphanomyces root rot

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Rethinking pulse crop production in the era of Aphanomyces root rot

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