Beauzay, Pat

Calles-Torrez, Veronica

Knodel, Janet

Lubenow, Lesley

English

University of Saskatchewan Research Archive

Field Crop Insect Pest Problems in North DakotaSoil and Crops 2020 – March 10-11, 2020Dr. Janet Knodel, Professor & Extension EntomologistPat Beauzay, Extension Entomology Research SpecialistLesley Lubenow, Ph.D. Graduate Student Veronica Calles-Torrez, Post-Doctoral ScientistAgriculture in North Dakota• 90% of land used for agriculture• 40 million acre devoted to farming & ranching• 24% of population is employed in the ag sector alone• Economic impact is about $10.9 billion/year $320 million$1.4 billion$420 million$1.6 billion$1.4 Billion2019#1 Crops of North Dakota• Honey 2019– 3.8 million lbs.– $71 millionWireworms• Family Elateridae (click beetles)• 885 wireworm species in N.A.– Prairie grain wireworm (Selatosumusaeripennis destructor) – Sugarbeet wireworm (Limonius californicus)• Larvae feed on roots and tunnel in roots/stemsS. Brown, Univ. GA, bugwood.orgM. Boetel, NDSU3-5 yearsWireworms• Plant losses due to wireworm feeding are increasing!• Stand loss – blank spots or ‘skips’ in the rows• Make sure the problem is actually caused by wirewormsWireworm Field Sampling• Difficult to survey and to predict whether wireworms will be a problem• Wide host range, but grasses are preferred• Crops most at risk following small grains, corn or CRP/non-crop• Threshold of more than one wireworm per trapBait Traps (pots)Photo credit:  Dr. Wanner, Montana State UniversityBait BagsWireworm Bait Trap1. Fill ½ full with vermiculite2. Add wheat to bait trap 3. Top with vermiculite 4. Soak with water!Wireworm Bait Trap• Core holes for bait trap about 6 inches deep and 4 inches wideWireworm Bait TrappingJoslin and MiroInsecticide - Application Technology for Wireworm Management• Insecticide seed treatments• In-furrow treatment at plant• FMC - 3RIVE 3D system – Planter attachment and delivers a foam formulation of insecticide to the furrow around the seed. – Eliminates the need for frequent refilling of water on the planter Current Sunflower Insecticides Registered for WirewormIRACGroup Class Active Ingredient Products3A Synthetic Pyrethroid Zeta-cypermethrin Mustang Maxx (At plant)3A Synthetic Pyrethroid Bifenthrin Pending 2020 EPA label4A Neonicotinoid (seed treatment) ImidaclopridDyna-Shield, Gaucho 600, Senator 600FS4A Neonicotinoid(seed treatment) Thiamethoxam Cruiser 5FS28 Diamides(seed treatment) Cyantraniliprole FortenzaIn-furrow Pyrethroid and Neonic Seed Treatment Efficacy Trials in Sunflowers 2016-2019Insecticide ClassActive IngredientTrade nameRateNeonicotinoid Thiamethoxam Cruiser 5FS 0.25 mg ai/seedNeonicotinoid Thiamethoxam Cruiser 5FS 0.375 mg ai/seedPyrethroid Zeta-cypermethrinMustangMaxx4 fl oz/acrePyrethroid Bifenthrin Capture LFR4-8 fl oz/acrePyrethroid Bifenthrin Ethos XB 4-8 fl oz/acre18,992 a16% 18,034 ab20%17,969 ab21%17,337 ab24%17,337 ab24%17,337 ab24% 16,204 bc29%13,678 c39%1,041 ab1,185 a974 ab1,059 a1,159 a 1,172 a963 ab741 b02004006008001,0001,20004,0008,00012,00016,00020,00024,000Yield (Lbs per Acre)Plants per AcreTreatment Means for Plant Population and YieldMohall, 201722,500 target plant population17,791 a21%17,332 a23% 15,957 a29%15,865 a30%15,131 a33%8,712 b61%2,076 a 2,069 a 2,104 a 2,076 a 1,971 a1,330 b-3002007001,2001,7002,20004,0008,00012,00016,00020,00024,000Cruiser 5FS @0.25 + Capture3RIVE 3D @ 4Capture 3RIVE 3D@ 4Capture 3RIVE 3D@ 8Cruiser 5FS @0.25Cruiser 5FS @0.25 + Capture3RIVE 3D @ 8Untreated CheckYield (Lbs per Acre)Plants per AcreTreatment Means for Plant Population and YieldMohall, 201822,500 target plant population16,553 a23%16,553 a23%16,172 a24% 15,028 ab30%14,974 ab30% 14,266 ab33% 13,504 ab37%13,395 ab37%13,014 ab39% 12,142 b43%1,568 a1,458 a 1,478 a1,564 a 1,525 a1,347 a 1,373 a 1,343 a 1,388 a1,277 a02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,80004,0008,00012,00016,00020,00024,000Ethos 3D @4.6Ethos 3D @9.2CaptureLFR @ 4.2Capture3RIVE 3D@ 4Ethos XB @4.27Cruiser 5FS@ 0.25 +MustangMaxx @ 4Cruiser 5FS@ 0.25 +Capture 3D@ 4MustangMaxx @ 4Cruiser 5FS@ 0.25UntreatedCheckYield (Lbs per Acre)Plants per AcreTreatment Means for Plant Population and YieldMohall, 201922,500 target plant populationWireworm ‘Control’• Increasing rates or stacking ST + in furrow pyrethroids did not improve efficacy• Insecticide ST, in-furrow pyrethroid or 3RIVE 3D applications provided ‘better’ stand establishment than the untreated check24.528.4314505101520253035404550Pyrethroid infurrow Cruiser 5FS (ST) ST + Pyrethroid Untreated checkPercent Stand LossAverage Percent Stand Loss Across Site Years (2016-2019)Wireworm Stand LossPhoto by P. BeauzayMustang MaxxUntreated CheckWireworm ‘Control’• Current insecticides do not provide mortality or long-term management of wireworms– Neonicotinoid seed treatments (such as thiamethoxam) cause ‘temporary’ morbidity– Pyrethroids are repellents and nonlethalvan Herk et al. 2015. Contact behavior and mortality of  wireworms exposed to six classes of insecticide applied to wheat seed. J Pest Sci 88: 717-739.Wireworm Pest Management• Thiamethoxam seed treatment, in-furrow and 3rive applications of pyrethroids provided ‘improved’ protection over the untreated check• Stacking seed treatment plus in-furrow pyrethroids did not improve control over single application• Consider your crop rotation and know your field history with wireworm pressures• Adjust seeding rate +10-20% to compensate for wireworm stand loss• New Mode of Action – Syngenta and BASF New Chemistry for Wireworm Control in Cereals from BASF• Broflanilide, the new Group 30 insecticide• Teraxxa Insecticide Seed Treatment• Small grain cereals late this year– Crops:  wheat, barley, rye, and triticale • High activity against various pests, including Lepidopteran, Coleopteran, and Thysanopteranpests• Not seeking registration for Teraxxa in sunflowersArmyworm Immobility, body contractions, and vomitingThank you!Grower Jeff & Jerry OberholtzerDr. Adam Varenhorst, SDSUFlea Beetles in 2019Fall Canola Survey  Flea BeetlePI:  Janet KnodelIdentifier:  Patrick BeauzaySurveyors:Ryan Buetow, DRECAudrey Kalil, WRECScott Knoke, Benson Co. Ext.Lesley Lubenow, LREC T.J. Prochaska, NCRECFlea Beetles – Phyllotreta species• Adult beetle– ⅛ inch long– Enlarged hind legs• Crucifer flea beetle– Iridescent blue sheen on black wing covers• Striped flea beetle– 2 yellow strips on black wing coversObjective• To provide information on the population levels and distribution of different species of flea beetles in canola throughout North Dakota during swathing (late August – Sept.)• Differences in Phyllotreta cruciferae and Phyllotreta striolata tolerance to Neonicotinoid Seed Treatments Tansy et al. 2008 J. Econ. Entomol. 101: 159-167.Materials & Methods• Surveyed swathed canola fields in NC, NW, SW and NE ND• Collected flea beetles using 15-inch sweep net• 20 sweeps per 5 locations (total of 100 sweeps per field site)• Flea beetles placed in plastic bags and stored in freezer• Flea beetle species identified and counted for each field site82 canola fields surveyed for flea beetles in 18 counties of ND 66,976 total specimens 99% of flea beetles collected 89% of the fields positive 17 counties out of 18 107 total specimens 0.2% of flea beetles collected 26% of the fields positive 8 counties out of 18Spring Sticky Card Survey• Timing: Spring 2017-2019• 10 sticky cards in farmer field• Changed 2x per week• 5 counties: – NE – Cavalier and Towner– NC - Renville and Ward– SW – StarkStriped vs. Crucifer Flea BeetlesAt Peak EmergenceTypically, Crucifer flea beetle is #1However, striped flea beetle dominates in some years in northeast and north central ND.  ----------Proportion %-------------Nearest TownDates for Max. Spring NumbersTotal flea beetles/trap/day P.cruciferae P. striolataOsnabrock 2019 Jun 3 - 6 2.57 93.4 6.6Rock Lake 2019 May 28 - 30 16.95 92.9 7.1Langdon W 2018 May 21 - 24 0.2 100 0Rock Lake 2018 May 24 - 29 1.8 72.2 27.8Langdon E 2017 May 29 – Jun 2 4.2 34.5 65.5Cando 2017 May 29 – Jun 2 0.8 43.8 56.2Mohall 2019 Jun 3 – Jun 6 4.07 75.4 24.6Kenmare 2019 May 23 - 27 0.15 86.7 13.3Mohall 2018 May 24 - 28 0.65 23.1 76.9Kenmare 2018 Jun 7 - 11 0.38 65.8 34.2Mohall 2017 Jun 2 - 6 0.78 96.2 3.8Kenmare 2017 Jun 2 - 6 0.7 46.5 53.5Dickinson 2019 May 31 - Jun 3 1.88 97.9 2.1Dickinson 2018 May 29 - Jun 1 6.9 94.7 4.3Dickinson 2017 Jun 1 - 5 2.4 92.7 7.3Conclusions• Phyllotreta cruciferae (crucifer flea beetle)– Continues to be the most common and widely distributed flea beetle species found in the 2014-2019 Canola Surveys in North Dakota • Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle, SFB)– Second most common flea beetle species in canola– Incidence of fields with SFB decreased and density continued to be low since 2014 – Important baseline data on its current abundance and distribution in ND– Future survey efforts will help document any increases in striped flea beetle populations, distributions as well as species shift due to potential insecticide resistance in North DakotaSEED TREATMENTS VS. BOTH SPECIES OF FLEA BEETLESInsecticide RecommendationsRegistered Insecticides - 2020Seed TreatmentInsecticidesAlways Read and Follow Labels.* Restricted Use PesticideNeonicotinoid, Group 4A:thiamethoxam - Helix Vibrance, Helix XTraclothianidin - NipsIt INSIDE, Prosper EverGolimidacloprid - Attendant 480FS, Dyna-ShieldImidacloprid 5, Gaucho 600, Senator 600 FS Diamides, Group 28:cyantranilliprole - Fortenza, LumidermCanolaGreenhouse Bioassay Study• Flea Beetles Rearing– Collected crucifer and striped flea beetles in spring 2019 from Langdon area– Flea beetles fed untreated canola and organic kale every three days• 4 treatments– Untreated check– Thiamethoxam (Helix Xtra, Helix Vibrance) at 400 g/100 kg– Clothianidin (Prosper  EverGol) at 200.8 g/100 kg– Cyantraniliprole (Lumiderm, Fortenza) 1000 g/100 kgMaterials and Methods• 5 canola seedlings per pot• 10 flea beetles per pot          (or 2 flea beetles per seedling)• 6 replications, RCBD• 2 plant ages:– 7 and 14 DAPMaterials and Methods • Live flea beetles counted and recorded for each pot at 1, 3, 7, 10 & 14 days after introduction (up to 10 days for the 14 DAP plants)• Corrected Mortality (Schneider-Orelli, 1947)– M (%) = (t – c) / (100 – c) * 100– t = percent mortality in treatments– c = percent mortality in controls (untreated checks)• Data analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS statistical software• Treatment means compared using pairwise t-tests at α = 0.052019 Seed Treatment Mortality to P. cruciferae - LangdonDay 1 and Day 3: clothianidin = thiamethoxam > cyantraniliprole26cd38bc25cd39bc65a74a47abc 53ab47abc61ab61ab69a8d18c28bcd39bc0102030405060708090100Day 1 Day 3Seed Treatment, Adjusted Mortality %control 7DAP control 14 DAP clothiadian 7DAP clothiadian 14 DAP thiamethoxam 7 DAPthiamethoxam 14 DAP cyantraniliprole 7 DAP cyantraniliprole 14 DAP gSeed Treatment Mortality to P. striolata - Langdon13a14a29a3a5a16a5a9a23a0102030405060708090100Day 1 Day 3 Day 7Seed Tretment, Adjusted Mortality %control clothianidin cyantraniliprole thiamethoxamAll seed treatments are similar.Canola Seedling Flea Beetle Damage Rating Scale• 1 = 0-3 pits per seedling• 2 = 4-9 pits per seedling• 3 = 10-15 pits per seedling• 4 = 16-25 pits per seedling• 5 = >25 pits per seedling• 6 = dead seedlingDamage ratings taken at 1-leaf, 2-4 leaf, and 4-6 leaf stages (approximately once per week)Rating 2Rating 3Rating 4Rating 6P. striolata had higher feeding injury scores than P. cruciferae, and cyantraniliprole had lower feeding injury scoresaaaaaabbbcbb bbbbbbbbbc bcc0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0Day 1 Day 3 Day 7 Day 1 Day 3 Day 7Cotyldeon Pit Score (0-6)control clothianidin thiamethoxam cyantraniliproleP. cruciferae2019 Spring Generation – Feeding InjuryP. striolataConclusion• Striped flea beetles had higher survival (or lower mortality) and higher feeding injury ratings than crucifer flea beetles for all insecticide seed treatments tested.• Continue to survey flea beetle populations and to conduct insecticide bioassays in greenhouse.Swede Midge Trap Survey• PI:  Janet J. Knodel• Identifier:  Patrick Beauzay• Trappers:  • NE:  Lesley Lubenow, Anitha Chirumamilla, Lindy Berg, Samantha Lahman, Traci Murphy • NC:  T.J. Prochaska, LoAyne Voigt, Sara Clemens• NW:  Audrey Kalil, Nicole Stanhope• SW:  Ryan Buetow, Kia WardPhoto: Susan Ellis, www.forestryimages.org Order DipteraFamily CecidomyiidaeContarinia nasturtii (Kieffer)• Hosts – canola, cabbage, radish, others Brassicaceae • Larval feeding caused plant injury• Deformed, crumpled leaves, shoots and/or flowers• Leaf, shoots and flower galls• Misshapen growing points and growth of secondary shootsPhotos: Julie Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension, www.forestryimages.org Hosts and Crop DamageWinkler MBSwede Midge Trap Survey• Used commercially available pheromone lure & delta trap (Scentry Red LPD trap)• Monitored from mid-June (rosette) through mid-August (ripening crop stage)• Traps checked weekly (sticky trap bottoms replaced)• Trap bottoms stored in freezerAdd the ‘New’ Canola Flower Midge to SurveysContarinia brassicolaPhotographs from 2019 Mori et al. Can. Entomol. 151:131-148• Family Cecidomyiidae, Order Diptera (flies)• Hosts – canola (Brassica napus and B. rapa)• Light brown, Small, <2mm longPea Leaf WeevilSitona lineata L.• Discovered in Beech, Golden Valley County, SW ND in fall 2016• Feeds on field peas, faba beans• Non-hosts – chickpea, lentil• Secondary hosts – alfalfa, clover (larvae do not develop)Pea Leaf Weevil Feeding Injury• Adult – chew feeding notches on leaves; often higher on field edges or fields next to pastures or riparian areas.• Larva – chew and tunnel in nitrogen-fixing nodules • Reduce nitrogen fixation by plant and results in poor plant growth and lower seed yieldsFababean field14 counties positive for pea leaf weevilNew Pulse Crop Insect Extension PublicationsNew Pulse Crop Extension Publications`Thank you!Wheat MidgeCrop Damage from Wheat Midge•Estimate losses of $3 million per year without IPM•Lower yields•Reduced grain quality•Vectors Fusariumhead blight (scab)Saskatoon Research Centre, CanadaWheat midge damaged kernelsHealthy kernelsLife Cycle of Orange Wheat Blossom MidgeSitodiplosis mosellanaLarva - 2-3 mm, orangeDrop from heads after rain or heavy dewcocooncocoonpupalarvaMay June July AugustadultOne generation per yeareggcocoons2 -3 mm orangeExtraction of Wheat Midge Larvae in Soil Washing soil and collecting organic matter in sievesSaline floatation Examining organic matter for cocoons0 – 1,357 midge larvae / m2Average = 79 midge larvae / m258% of samples were 0!High Risk:  Ramsey & Wells Moderate Risk:  Bottineau, Mountrail & McLeanCanada:25 mm of precipitation prior to the end of May is required for proper development of wheat midgeElliott et al. 2009Crop Protection 28: 588-594Macroglenes penetransegg-larval parasite of the Wheat MidgeHighest Parasitism rate in Bottineau, Williams, & Cavalier countiesAverage = 36% parasitism rate85% of samples had 0% parasitismOther Areas of Interest• Soybean aphids – Pyrethroid Resistance• Soybean gall midge (Resseliella maxima) –Invasive insect pest of soybeans (not in ND)• Corn – Corn rootworm & European corn borer monitoring network, Bt resistance• Pollinator (bees & syrphids) work in field crops and perennial flowers• IPM Survey for insect pests & diseases in wheat, barley, soybeans and sunflowersSoybean  aphidSoybean  gall midgeBee Count Summary in Soybean2014 and 2016 CombinedFamilyNo. ofGeneraNo. ofSpeciesNo. ofIndividuals PercentAndrenidae 4 7 13 0.1Megachilidae 2 8 19 0.2Colletidae 2 5 29 0.3Apidae 11 31 998 9.2Halictidae 8 57 9,763 90.2Total 27 108 10,822 100NDSU Extension Crop & Pest Reportwww.ag.ndsu.edu/cpr/Contact information:Janet J. KnodelPhone: 701-231-7915janet.knodel@ndsu.edu

Field Crop Insect Pest Problems in North Dakota

https://harvest.usask.ca/bitstream/10388/12761/1/05%20Knodel.pdf

Field Crop Insect Pest Problems in North Dakota

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