A discussion about classroom copyright issues and integrating technology

Bacon, Jonathan

English

Scholarspace @ Johnson County Community College

Johnson County Community CollegeScholarSpace @ JCCCSIDLIT Conference Proceedings Colleague 2 Colleague7-31-2008Copyright, Clickers, and ConsensusJonathan BaconJohnson County Community College, jonathanpbacon@gmail.comFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarspace.jccc.edu/sidlitPart of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Education Law Commons, and the LegalEthics and Professional Responsibility CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Colleague 2 Colleague at ScholarSpace @ JCCC. It has been accepted for inclusion inSIDLIT Conference Proceedings by an authorized administrator of ScholarSpace @ JCCC. For more information, please contact bbaile14@jccc.edu.Recommended CitationBacon, Jonathan, "Copyright, Clickers, and Consensus" (2008). SIDLIT Conference Proceedings. 7.http://scholarspace.jccc.edu/sidlit/7Copyright, Consensus & ClickersJonathan BaconAcademic DirectorEducational Technology CenterJohnson County Community CollegeChannel Setting Instructions for ResponseCard RF1. Press and release the "GO" button.2. While the light is flashing red and green, enter the 2 digit channel code (i.e. channel 1 = 01, channel 21 = 21).Channel is 413. After the second digit is entered, Press and release the "GO" button.4. Press and release the "1/A" button.  The light should flash yellow to confirm.Disclaimer• I am not a lawyer, have never been a lawyer, and have no intention of becoming one.• This is for information and entertainment purposes only. The answers here are not intended as and are not lawyer‐client advice.• Take my advice, my opinions and my chili with a grain of salt.• This information represents my research and my limited understanding of copyright law.Definition of Copyright• The Right to Copy• “Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U. S. Code) to the authors of “original works of authorship,” including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works.” ~ U.S. Copyright OfficeCopyright Basics• Considered Personal Property (can be sold, transferred, inherited)• Automatic Protection when Work Created• Original Works of Authorship § 102(a)• Must Be in Fixed Form § 102(a)? “Tangible Medium of Expression”• Doesn’t Cover Facts or Ideas• Registration (Not required after March 1, 1989)Copyright Notice ~ § 401(b)• Copyright Symbol (© or Copyright or abbreviation Copr.)• Year of First Publication (e.g., 2008)? Year may be omitted for pictorial, graphic or sculptural works and accompanying text (if any) appears on cards, postcards, stationary, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any useful article• Name of Copyright Owner (or recognized abbreviation) Authorship vs. Ownership• Creator of Work Considered Author• Ownership May Have Transferred• Work for Hire § 101• Owning Object ≠ CopyrightTerm of Copyright• First General Revision of Copyright Law, 1831? 28 + 14 Years with Renewal• Third General Revision of Copyright Law, 1909 ? 28 + 28 Years with Renewal• Title 17, § 302, 1976? Life + 50 Years• The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 1998? Life + 70 Years• What Really Matters? http://www.lib.umn.edu/copyright/PDchart.phtml Protectable Works ~ § 102(a)• Literary Works• Musical Works• Dramatic Works• Pantomimes & Choreographic Works• Pictorial, Graphic & Sculptural Works• Motion Pictures & Other Audiovisual Works• Sound Recordings• Architectural WorksPublic Domain• Copyright Expired• Dedicated by Author to Public• Works Published before 1978, Failed to Meet 1909 Act Requirements• Federal Government Produced (§ 105)Copyright Holder Rights ~ § 106• To Reproduce Works• To Prepare Derivative Works (Adaption) • To Distribute Works? Sale, transfer of ownership, rental, leasing, lending• To Perform Work Publically ? Literary, musical, dramatic, dance, pantomimes, movies, audiovisual works• To Display Work Publically ? Literary, musical, dramatic, dance, mimes, and pictorial, graphic or sculptural works including individual images from movies & audiovisual works• Public Performance of Digital Sound Recordings Ways to Use Works & Comply with Copyright Laws• Is work protected by copyright?• Qualify as “fair use?”• Qualify under TEACH Act?• If not, get permission from copyrightholder.Fair Use Means Fair to Use Any Copyright Materials in Instruction. True False Not Sure0% 0%0%1. True2. False3. Not SureFair Use Doctrine ~ § 107• Statutory Basis in § 107, Title 17 (1976 Copyright Act) • “…the fair use of a copyright work, including such use by reproduction in copies…for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship or research, is not an infringement of copyright.”• “Equitable rule of reason”Fair Use Factors ~ § 107• Purpose and Character of Use? Commercial vs. Not‐for‐profit• Nature of Work• Amount & Substantiality? Portion used in relation to whole• Effect on Potential Market Limitations and Revisions• 1976 Law Based Predominantly on Print Environment? Few Electronic Works (computer programs, databases, mostly indexes)• Amendments to Title 17 Cover Digital? Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) 1998? TEACH Act (Distance Learning Amendment) 2002? And MoreFair Use Guidelines for Educational Multimedia 1996 (1)• Joint Committee of Publishers, Artist Agents, Higher Ed. Reps. Developed• Covers Not‐for‐profit Educational Uses• Lawfully Acquired Copyright Works• For Education Purposes in Systematic Learning Activities? F2F Instruction? Directed Self‐study? Over Institutions Secure Electronic Network in Real‐timeFair Use Guidelines for Educational Multimedia 1996 (2)• Multimedia Limitations? Time (2 years max.)? Portion (10% or 3 minutes video; 10% or 1000 words; 10% < 30 seconds music; >5 images or photos per artist/photographer)? Copying & Distribution? Credit Sources? Alterations in Original Only in Support of Educational ObjectivesStudent Submits Class Work (Essay, Artwork, Animation, and So On). The Work Is…0% Automatically cop...  Copyright by the ... Owned by student,...  Owned by the coll...A. Automatically copyright by the student.B. Copyright by the student if it includes a copyright notice.C. Owned by student, but can be used by class instructor for any educational purpose.D. Owned by the college under the “work for hire” concept.Copyright Holder Rights ~ § 106• To Reproduce Works• To Prepare Derivative Works (Adaption) • To Distribute Works• To Perform Work Publically • To Display Work Publically • Public Performance of Digital Sound Recordings Copyright Holder Rights ~ § 106• No copyright notice required,• Copyright is automatic,• No registration required.Specifically, Copyright Holder May…• Transfer (in writing) or license some or all rights,• Authorize derivative works,• Control modifications to work,• Determine commercialization of work,• Control performances or displays of work,• Authorize reproductions and transmissions of work.Faculty Member Records News Broadcast at Home, Shows to Her Class.  Use is illegal because all ... Use in class shortly after ... Instructor should conduc... I don’t know.0% 0%0%0%A. Use is illegal because all such programs are copyright.B. Use in class shortly after recording meets fair use guidelines.C. Instructor should conduct 4‐factor analysis to see if fair use applies.D. I don’t know.Four factor Analysis to determine if use qualifies under fair use.• Purpose & Character• Nature of  Work• Amount & Substantiality• Effect on Potential MarketFour factor Analysis to determine if use qualifies under fair use.• Purpose & Character• Nature of  Work• Amount & Substantiality• Effect on Potential MarketNonprofit, educational, and personal uses are generally favored fair uses while commercial uses are less likely to be deemed fair use.Four factor Analysis to determine if use qualifies under fair use.• Purpose & Character• Nature of  Work• Amount & Substantiality• Effect on Potential MarketFactual works, published works and scientific articles (factual in nature) more likely considered fair use than creative, imaginative, artistic, or unpublished works. Four factor Analysis to determine if use qualifies under fair use.• Purpose & Character• Nature of  Work• Amount & Substantiality• Effect on Potential MarketExcerpt, extract, clip or small portion  (e.g. only part needed for educational purposes) more likely qualifies as fair use. Entire work or “heart of work” would not.Four factor Analysis to determine if use qualifies under fair use.• Purpose & Character• Nature of  Work• Amount & Substantiality• Effect on Potential MarketEconomic harm or diminished market for owner of copyright weighs against fair use.Faculty Member Wants 2‐Minute Segment of Video Tape Digitized, Burnt to DVD for Future Use0% Media Center staf...  Instructor should... Since segment  < ...  Not spontaneous, ...A. Media Center staff will do anything you ask!B. Instructor should conduct 4‐factor analysis to see if fair use applies.C. Since segment  < 10% of total work, it’s legal under TEACH Act.D. Not spontaneous, fails to quality as fair use.Conditions Change, conduct 4‐factor analysis for each subsequent use• Purpose & Character• Nature of  Copyrighted Work• Amount & Substantiality? Segment  is “Heart of the Work”• Market Effect ? Commercial version availableFair Use: The Tipping PointFair Use Not Fair Usehttp://www.lib.ncsu.edu/scc/tutorial/copyuse/worksheet.pdfPurpose and Character of UseNonprofitEducationalPersonalCriticismCommentaryNews reportingParodyCommercialFair Use Not Fair UseNature of Copyrighted WorkFactualPublished Mixture of factAndimaginativeImaginativeUnpublishedFair Use Not Fair UseAmount & Substantiality of Portion UsedSmall amount,Not the “heart”of the workLarge amount,“Heart” of the work Fair Use Not Fair UseEffect of Use on Market or Value of WorkAfter first 3 factors,if work tips towardFair UseOriginal out ofprint,No readyPermissionsMarket,Copyright ownernot identifiableCompetes withsales ofOriginal, Avoidspermissions paymentsFair Use Not Fair UseCopy of Math Problem from Text (Not Adopted Text) for Class Handout or Online Use Violates Copyright?0% True  False  Not SureA. TrueB. FalseC. Not SureWhich Problem, How Many?• Cannot copyright concept or idea.• Factual vs. “creative” work?• Portion of textbook copied?• Effect on marketability of textbook?• Brevity of quoted material?• Conduct 4‐Factor Analysis!Instructor Copies Chapter, Uses in Class for Years. What Are Consequences?  Compensatory damagesby thecopyrightholder. Statutorydamages of$250 to$150,000(per willfulviolation). Criminalliability &jail time. All of theabove.0% 0%0%0%A. Compensatory damages by the copyright holder.B. Statutory damages of $250 to $150,000 (per willful violation).C. Criminal liability & jail time.D. All of the above.T.E.A.C.H. Act ~ Title 17, §110(2)• Act Doesn’t Alter Scope of Fair Use• Fair Use Technologically Neutral• Lack of Guidelines? Fair Use Still Applicable• Provides for Transmission of DL Materials § 110(2)What TEACH Act Does (1)• Expands § 110 (Fair Use); Covers Synchronous and Asynchronous Digital Transmissions for DL• Expanded Works ? Comparable to F2F Instruction? Limited Portions• Limitations (Uses not covered)?Materials Produced/Marketed for DL use? Distribution of Illegally Obtained Copies• Accredited Nonprofit Educational Institutions or Govt. Bodies OnlyWhat TEACH Act Does (2)• Conditions of Permitted Use? Directly Related to Teaching Content (Not entertainment)? Under Actual Supervision of Instructor? Part of Systematic Mediated Instructional Activities• Ephemeral Copies ~ Title 17, § 112 (f)? Does Not Authorize Wholesale Conversion to Digital? Copies Only Retained by Institution for Fair Use Activities? Analog Works Digitized Only If Unavailable Free of Technological ProtectionsWhat TEACH Act Does (3)• Conditions of Recipients? Officially Enrolled Students? Technologically Limited to Permitted Recipients• Mandatory Preconditions? Institutional Policies on Copyright• Focus on Education• Notification of Copyright Ownership to Learners? Technological Measures to Prevent Retention• Encryption of Transmitted Content• Password Required What TEACH Act Requires Instructors to Inform Students that Works in the Online Course Are Copyright Protected. True False0%0%A. TrueB. FalseTEACH Act Requires Instructors to Inform Students that Works in the Online Course Are Copyright Protected.• Copyright notice must accompany each work.• Course must include general notice of copyright.The materials on this course web site are only for the use of students enrolled in this course for purposes associated with this course and may not be retained or further disseminated.Faculty Member Posts Book Excerpt on Her Personal Website for Class to Access. Protected by TEACH Act?0% Yes, porti...  Yes, if no...  Yes, facul...  No, access...A. Yes, portion comparable to amount used in F2F class.B. Yes, if not part of a commercial work sold for online useC. Yes, faculty member posts notice of copyright.D. No, access not limited to the just class.TEACH Act Checklist• No commercial works designed for online instruction.• No pirated or unlawfully made copies.• Digital performance or display must be part of mediated instruction.• Use software tools to protect access and prevent students from retaining.• Notify students that works may be subject  to copyright protection.Using Work of Others in Instruction?• Covered by Copyright?• Covered by Fair Use?• Covered by TEACH Act?• If Not, Get PermissionThe Reasonable Good Faith Fair Use Defense• Employees of Nonprofit Institutions • Reasonable, Good Faith Determination• Court Must Remit Statutory DamagesResources (1)• U.S. Copyright Office and Copyright Law of the United States, see http://www.copyright.gov/title17/ • NewsNet, see  http://www.copyright.gov/newsnet/• Congressional Research Services, Copyright Exemptions for Distance Education: 17 U.S.C. §110(2), the Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization Act of 2002, see https://www.policyarchive.org/bitstream/handle/10207/2893/RL33516_20060706.pdf?sequence=1 Resources (2)• North Carolina State University Fair Use Worksheet, see http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/scc/tutorial/copyuse/worksheet.pdf • Consortium of College and University Media Centers, “Educational Multimedia Fair Use Guidelines,” see http://ccumc.org/system/files/MMFUGuides.pdf • The TEACH Toolkit, see http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/scc/legislative/teachkit/background.html Resources (3)• Copyright Term & the Public Domain in the United States, see http://www.lib.umn.edu/copyright/PDchart.phtml • Fair Use Analysis Tool, University of Minnesota, see http://www.lib.umn.edu/copyright/checklist.phtml • History of Copyright, see http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1a.html • Fundamentals of Fair Use and Copyright, California State University, Office of General Counsel, see http://www.calstate.edu/gc/docs/fair_use.doc 

Copyright, Clickers, and Consensus

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Copyright, Clickers, and Consensus

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