The Greek philosopher Aristotle first suggested the earth could be divided into types of climatic zones, based on their distance from the equator. The region nearest the equator was termed the Torrid Zone and was considered uninhabitable. However, almost half of the world's population now live, exercise and regularly compete in this Torrid Zone, which in modern times, we recognize as the tropics. 



This book is the first text to report the mechanisms, interventions, implications and practical considerations of sport, exercise and physical activity in the tropics. Tropical conditions impose a unique blend of challenges to human physical performance and these areas are thoroughly interrogated in this monograph. Pertinent commentaries of physiology, behavior, sports and physical activity considerations in hot, humid, tropical conditions are provided. These are additionally supported by peer-reviewed cutting edge research articles to maximize performance in the tropics

Edwards, Andrew

Leicht, Anthony

English

ResearchOnline at James Cook University

SPORTS AND ATHLETICS PREPARATION, PERFORMANCE, AND PSYCHOLOGY Additional books in this series can be found on Nova's website under the Series tab. AdditionaJ e-books in this series can be found on Nova's website under the e-book tab. SPORTS AND ATHLETICS PREPARATION, PERFORMANCE, AND PSYCHOLOGY SCIENCE OF SPORT, EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE TROPICS ANDREW EDWARDS AND ANTHONY LEICHT EDITORS :::,:: nova .. ~~ " -·:,·",:publishers New York Copyrighl © 20 14 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any fann or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For pennission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 63 1-23 1-7269; Fax 631 -231 -8 175 Web Site: hltp:llwww.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of thi s book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contai ned in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential , or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers' use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on govern ment reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compi lations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In add ition. no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury andlor damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products. instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the PUbli sher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other profess ional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBUSHERS. Additional color graphics may be avai lable in the e·book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging.in.Publication Data ISBN: 978- 1-63117-737-8 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. t New York Editors: EDITORS DETAILS AND PAGE (LIST) OF SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS Assoc Prof Andrew Edwards Ph.D., James Cook University, Australia Assoc Prof Anthony Leicht Ph.D., James Cook University. Australia Scientific reviewers: Dr F. Barnett, James Cook University, Australia Dr D. Billing, DSTO, Australia Dr E. Borkoles, Victoria University, Australia Dr R . Butterly, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK Dr M. Brearley, NCCfRC, Darwin. Australia Dr I. Cotter, Otago University, New Zealand Dr G. Deakin, James Cook University, Australia Dr L. Fartington, Federation University, Australia Dr P. Lander, Eastern Institute of Technology, New Zealand Dr K. Miller, James Cook University, Australia F. Naumann, University of New South Wales, Australia ProfS. Selig, Deakin University, Australia Prof R. Palman, Victoria University, Australia Dr C. Wells, Sheffield Wednesday FC, UK CONTENTS Editors Details and Page (List) of Scientific Reviewers vii Introduction ix Anthony S. Leicht " Chapter 1 Understanding the Body's Physiological Capacity to Dissipate Heat during Challenges to Human Heat Balance-A Calorimetric Perspective 1 Glen P. Kenny Chapter 2 Interaclions between Exercise, Thermal Stress and the Immune System 11 David B. Pyne Chapter 3 Exercise in the Heat: What Does the Brain Tell Us? 19 Romain Meellsen and Bart RoelantIs Chapter 4 The Central Mechanisms of Pacing and Performance 29 A. M. Edwards and R. C. 1. Polman Chapter 5 The Regulation of Pace during Prolong~d Exercise in the I-leat: Influence on Optimal Pacing Strategies 35 Chris R. Abbiss Chapter 6 Influence of Intervals of Radiant Heat on Performance and Pacing Dynamics during Rowing Exercise 43 Patrick 1. Lander. Ronald 1. Butterly, Andrew M. Edwards and Lee Ingle Chapter 7 Football Perfotmance in the Heat 55 Julien D. Periard and Sebastien Racinais ChapterS Seasonal Variations in Fitness in Female Soccer Players: The Use of Small Sided Games for Fitness 65 Sarah R. Hervert, Glen B. Deakin and KeJly Sinclair vi Contents Chapter 9 Finding Your Carbohydrate and Fluid Sweet-Spot-Practical and Academic Considerations 75 Gregory R. Cox Chapter 10 Triathlon in the Tropics - South Pacific Style 83 Humpress Harrington, Lucy Taolo and David MacLaren Chapter 11 Physiological Responses to Design Adaptations in Firefighting PPC during Simulated Firefighting Tasks 91 Anthony Walker. Christos Argus, Matthew Driller and Ben Rattray . Chapter 12 The CooIMeTh4 Vest - Idea to Application 103 Glen B. Deakin. Robert Ennis-Thomas and William Armstrong Chapter 13 Developments in 'Lifestyle Medicine' and Implications for Tropical Conditions 111 Garry£gger Chapter 14 Physical Activity Behaviour in the Tropics 123 Remeo Polman, Fiona Ling and Erika Borkoles Chapter 15 Clinical Exercise Physiology Placement Supervision Processes and Practices: Where Are We and Where to Next? 137 Rebecca Sealey, Jacqueline Raymond, Herb Groeller, Kieron Rooney, Meagan Crabb and Kerrianne Walt Chapter 16 Clinical Exercise Physiology Placement Supervision Resources and Training Needs: Where Are We and Where to Next? 149 Rebecca Sealey, Jacqueline Raymond, Herb GroeJler, Kieron Rooney. Meagan Crabb and Kerrianne Watt Chapter 17 A University-Based Clinical Exercise Facility that Serves as a Clinical, Teaching and Research Space 163 S. Selig, N. Sallnders, N. Mundell, L Conway, A. Wallis, J. Gardner and S. Fraser Index 173 INTRODUCTION Anthony S. Leicht Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University. Townsville, Australia In 2012, the Earth's population was estimated to be approximately 7 biHion, with humans living in all corners and environments. A significant proportion (40% or 2.8 billion persons) bas been reported to live within the Tropics, a region ex.tending from the Tropic of Cancer (23.4° N) south to the Tropic of Capricorn (23.4° S). This equatorial region typically experiences the highest average temperatures (20-35° C), rainfalls (4·8 mm-dai l ) and daylength (10-13.5 hours) on the planet. These climatic characteristics subsequently provide aunique environment for vegetation, wildlife and humans. To date, examination of tropical life has been based largely on country, climate or health. For example, high temperatures and humidity within the tropics encourage a range of wildlife including insects that act as carriers of disease. Subsequently, a main focus of tropical research has been communicable disease such as Chagas disease, Dengue, African Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Lymphatic Filariasis, Malaria, Onchocerciasis and Schistosomiasis. Prt::valclIce of these di seases and their health outcomes have been a major priority for the World Health Organisation with the fo llowing factors impacting prevalence and treatment rationales: increased occupation of tropical regions, greater international travel, climate change, socioeconomic status, and access to health care. The extent of this subject is further exemplified through a recent PubMed search using the term tropical disease. This search identified approximately 17,000 articles focussing on tropical diseases. In contrast, a similar search using the term tropical exercise or sport identified only 400 articles, approximately 2% of that identified for tropical diseases. This disparity clearly highlights the sGarcity of tropic focussed research for the exercise and sport science profession in a region inhabited by almost half of the world's population and which provides quite different climatic challenges to temperate environments. Despite this minimal research focus, there have been many studies that have examined tropical issues indirectly. For example, the influence of heat and cooling has been an area of growing interest for at least the past 20 years . Most exercise physiology textbooks now contain a separate chapter(s) identifying the impact of heat on the physiological responses prior to, during and post exercise. Further, the impact of cooling prior to, during and post-x Anthony S. Leicht exercise has been examined for rehabilitation andlor exercise performance objectives, though much still remains to be elucidated, particularly surrounding the issues of performance in humid environments. These foci though highlight the growing interest in tropical themes with further studies needed to enhance the current knowledge base. Likewise, development of exercise and sport profess iona1s is needed to manage the health and perfonnance of the population. This issue is especially apparent with the 2014 FIFA Soccer World Cup and the 2016 summer Olympics Games being held in the tropical city of Rio de Janeiro, while the 2022 flFA soccer world cup will be hosted by Qatar. With such major elite sporting events being held in tropical and hot environments, it places increased priority on examining appropriate coping mechanisms, training and recovery techniques which are specific to these conditions. Although many sport scientists are now employed to assist athletes with perfonn~nce during hot and/or humid environmental conditions, much still remains to be considered and examined. Some examples include: • What impact does a tropical environment have on physical activity levels? • How can humans perfonn optimally in very hot and humid conditions? • What other tropical aspects impact on health and well~being? • With such paucity of research in this area, are sports science practitioners currently sufficiently aware of the impacts of tropical conditions to appropriately advise athletes? With impending climatic changes, expansion of humans into uninhibited tropical regions and a growing population worldwide, the impact of the Tropics will be substantial in the future. Given the unique environment that the Tropics provides and the need for focussed research in this area, the Science of Sport, Exercise and Physical Activity in the Tropics (SSEPAT) conference was held in Cairns Australia, November 28~30, 20 13. This meeting encompassed the multidisciplinary aspects of sport, exercise and physical activity within tropical climates, involved speakers from abroad (e.g., Canada, Qatar) and local (e.g., Australia), and topics such as environmental physiology, nutrition, immune function, ruraVremotelindigenous physical activity, pre-cooling, pacing in sports, and clinical exercise physiology. Significant discussion and debate was held amongst attendees with invited speakers and delegates invited to contribute to the first text focussing on these topics. The result wao; the current text which highlights key aspects of the meeting and provides impetus for further research involving exercise, sport and physical activity in the tropics. The reader is directed to several key themes and highlights from the meeting as follows: • Dissipation of heat and heat balance (Chapter I). This chapter describes the pbysiological response to maintain body temperature including the use of whole body calorimetry. • Heat stress and immune function (Chapter 2). This chapter highlights the impact of exercise on immune function with practical strategies also discussed. • PaCing and perfonnance (Chapters 3~6). These chapters investigate the impact of heat on athlete perception, processing and perfonnance including potential mechanisms for athlete.-strategies. Introduction xi • Performance in tropical environments (Chapters 7, 8, 11, 12), These chapters examine the performances of humans during sport, exercise and occupational tasks within tropical environments, • Development of a personal aid for tropical environments (Chapter 12). This chapter describes the development of a novel aid to assist performance in tropical climates, • Physical activity in the tropics (Chapter 14), This chapter examines the impact of tropical environments on physical activity performance and behaviour. • Clinical exercise physiology and development of future professionals (Chapters lS-17), These chapters examine the education of new graduates and professionals including work-integrated learning opportunities and developing areas for target. This text does not represent the tinal discussion on tropical research; however, it takes the ftrst step in identifying some pertinent considerations for these conditions. It is anticipated that this book will stimulate further research on the interaction of tropical conditions with sport, exercise and physical activity. The style of the book is therefore particularly focused on providing key commentary articles on thematic areas considered of importance across sport, clinical aspects of exercise, and physical activity, in addition to empirical work. 

Science of Sport, Exercise and Physical Activity in the Tropics

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