Lanfranco, F

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Current Opinion in Endocrine andMetabolic Research xxxx, xxx:xxxThis review comes from a themed issue onSports EndocrinologyEdited by Fabio Lanfrancohttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.coemr.2019.10.0012451-9650/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rightsreserved.Fabio LanfrancoDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism,Department of Medical Sciences, Universityof Turin, Italye-mail: fabio.lanfranco@unito.itDr. Fabio Lanfranco is an assistant professorof Endocrinology at the University of Turin,Italy. His research interests include sportsmedicine, effects of physical activity onendocrine and metabolic functions, andrology,and reproductive medicine. He has authoredmore than 80 publications in indexed peer-reviewed international journals and more than150 communications at national and interna-tional meetings.Available online at www.sciencedirect.comScienceDirectCurrent Opinion inEndocrine and Metabolic Researchwww.sciencedirect.comEditorial overview: Sports endocrinologyFabio LanfrancoPhysical activity exerts an important influence on the endocrine system,modulating synthesis and secretion of several hormones. Mode, intensity,duration of the exercise bout, gender, age, and fitness level of the indi-vidual, as well as environmental and psychological factors, may affect theendocrine response to physical activity. In the last decades, the effects ofphysical activity on the endocrine system have gained growing interest inthe scientific world and not only among endocrinologists.This compendium of mini-reviews explores the newest and most inno-vative topics in sports endocrinology, providing an authoritative overviewof the effects of physical activity on the endocrine and metabolic func-tions. A substantial part of this issue is devoted to the ‘hot topic’ of hor-monal doping in sports. Hormone abuse has become a widespread habitamong professional and recreational athletes. The properties of androgens,erythropoietin, as well as dietary supplements and their use and misuse insports are described. Specific methods to detect hormone abuse arepresented and discussed.This focused issue is divided into three sections.The first section is dedicated to the effects of physical activity on the endocrinefunction.Vita Birzniece examines the effect of exercise on the GH-IGF axis, andthe effect of the growth hormone (GH) on physical performance in healthand disease. It is well known that exercise stimulates GH secretion,suggesting a physiological role of GH in the regulation of physical health.GH deficiency presents with low muscle mass and impaired exercise ca-pacity, while GH excess in acromegaly associates with functionally weakermuscles and low aerobic exercise capacity. This indicates that GH has tobe just right to exert its positive effects on muscle mass and function.A close inter-relation between GH and cortisol responses to acute exerciseexists. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) is stimulatedby acute exercise and initiates numerous neuroendocrine cascades. TravisAnderson and colleagues revise the effects of physical activity on the HPAand GH axes, describing the different actions of acute and prolongedaerobic and resistance exercise on cortisol and GH responses. The authorsCurrent Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research xxxx, xxx:xxx2 Sports Endocrinologyhighlight the importance of future investigations thatshould consider the synchronicity between HPA andGH axes response and their interaction with otherphysiological systems.In their review, Anthony C. Hackney and Ayoub Saeidiprovide an overview of contemporary literature that ad-dresses how the ‘physical stress’ of exercise impacts onaspects of the thyroid and anterior pituitary glands, witha focus on thyroid hormones and prolactin.Bryan Holtzman and Kathryn E. Ackerman describethe physiology of the female hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in women’s sport, discuss the im-plications of the HPG axis in differential injury risk insexes, pharmacologic manipulation of the menstrualcycle, and causes and effects of HPG axis dysfunction.The effects of physical activity on the male HPG axishormones are discussed by Paolo Sgrò, who reviews thedifferent effects of acute and chronic exercise along withthe possible mechanisms involved in hormonal changesand the consequences of such modifications on sexualand spermatogenetic functions.Paolo Moghetti and colleagues revise the metaboliceffect of regular physical activity providing a detailedoverview on the recommendations for aerobic andresistance exercise in type 2 diabetes. The authors focuson the adverse effect of sedentary behavior on metabolicaspects and mortality and describe the benefits ofbreaks in sedentary time in diabetic and nondiabeticsubjects. The latest American Diabetes Associationguidelines on lifestyle management are reported.Marco Minetto and collaborators examine the responsesof skeletal muscles and tendons to exercise and theirpossible implications for the development of positive andnegative effects associated with acute and chronic exer-cise such as muscle function changes, muscle soreness,and muscle and tendon hypertrophy. The authorsemphasize that the understanding of these effects isessential to guide clinical recommendations for exerciseprescription in healthy and pathological subjects.The second section of ‘Sports Endocrinology’ is dedi-cated to the use of performance-enhancing endocrinedrugs in competitive and recreational sports activities.In the world of competition and sports, androgen abuseis the most potent and prevalent form of dopingdetected. Thiago Gagliano-Jucá and Shehzad Basariaextensively revise the effectiveness of androgens inincreasing muscle mass, muscle strength, and athleticperformance, along with the numerous adverse effectsassociated with such abuse.Alan D. Rogol and colleagues review the currentstate and future directions of GH testing. TheCurrent Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research xxxx, xxx:xxxauthors use rhGH and analytes of the GH/IGF-1system as examples related to doping for sportsperformance, review the legitimate use of bannedpharmaceutical agents when medically necessary(therapeutic use exemption), and the concept of‘personalized’ medicine with the use of the athlete’sbiological passport.Wolfgang Jelkmann focuses on discoveries regardingdoping with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo)and other erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), re-ported since 2017. Detection methods, which have un-dergone improvements in the last years, are described.The mini-review is completed by a paragraph on theWADA’s biological passport in the first 10 years after itsimplementation.Apart from hormone abuse to purportedly increasephysical performance, in the last decade, there has beena remarkable rise in the popularity of herbal andbotanical supplements, because of increased mindful-ness toward health and wellbeing. Ina Garthe evaluateswhether the increased consumption of supplements perse leads to increased use of high-risk supplements inathletic populations and whether more precautionsneed to be taken to reduce the risk of inadvertentdoping in the future.Mario Thevis and colleagues present new pharmaco-logical interventions that possess the potential toenhance mitochondrial biogenesis or muscle size andfunction, and that represent important aspects for sportsdrug testing programs. New drug candidates aredescribed, doping control test methods are reviewed,and current and future testing strategies for low andhigher molecular mass drugs are presented in the light ofnewly available analytical approaches and biologicalmatrices.The ‘Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Pass-port’ is the topic developed by Federico Ponzetto andcolleagues. The authors describe the concept of anAthlete Biological Passport (ABP) and review theresearch work on the steroidal module carried out sincethe introduction of the ABP, with a particular emphasison the discussion of confounding factors altering urinarysteroid profiles, as well as newly discovered promisingbiomarkers.In the third section of this compendium, a focus onphysical activity in particular conditions is presented.A specific mini-review is dedicated to the endocrine andmetabolic repercussions of Relative energy deficiency insport (RED-S). Lauren M. McCall and Kathryn E.Ackerman discuss how low energy availability (EA) isdetrimental to performance and long-term health bothin male and female athletes.www.sciencedirect.comEditorial overview Lanfranco 3A complete overview of exercise-associated disorders ofsodium and potassium balance, as well as other elec-trolyte disorders, is provided by Tamara Hew-Butlerand colleagues. The authors emphasize the growingincidence of dysnatremia in sport and point out thatexercise-associated electrolyte disorders are uncommon,generally resulting from improper hydration advice,improper training advice, profuse gastrointestinal losses,malnutrition, or supplement abuse.The last, but not least, topic of this section is sarcope-nia, that is, the combination of low muscle mass andpoor muscle function in the elderly. Alexis McKee andJohn E. Morley describe the pathogenesis of this con-dition, which is multifactorial and includes both endo-crine and non-endocrine factors. Understanding themolecular biology of the muscle along with the endo-crine causes of sarcopenia has led, in part, to our currenttreatment of sarcopenia.I am proud to present this issue of the series CurrentOpinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research entitled ‘Sportswww.sciencedirect.comEndocrinology’: it represents a state-of-the-art overviewof the complex interplay between physical activity andtraining on the endocrine function and of the use andabuse of performance-enhancing endocrine drugs incompetitive and recreational sports activities, high-lighting its negative consequences for long-term health.The contributors to this compendium are well-knownexperts in the fields of sports medicine and endocri-nology, endocrine physiology, pharmacology, and dopingdetection. I am profoundly grateful to all of them, whohave made this issue what it is.I would also like to acknowledge the Editorial Manager,Stacy King, whose expertise and constant support wasindispensable.Conflict of interest statementNothing declared.Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research xxxx, xxx:xxx

Editorial overview: Sports Endocrinology.

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Editorial overview: Sports Endocrinology.

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