Masali, Melchiorre

Micheletti Cremasco, Margherita

Rosato, M. R.

Schlacht, I. L.

Tinto, Amalia

English

MICHELETTI CREMASCO, Margherita

Institutional Research Information System University of Turin

63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy. ©2012 by Prof. Amalia Tinto. Published by the IAF.  IAC-12-A1-1-19                                                                                                           Page 1 of 5   IAC-12-A1-1-19  DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEPTION OF SOUND/RHYTHM AND THE EFFECT ON GYMNASTICS PERFORMANCE IN MICROGRAVITY (The ZER0gMN Project)    Amalia Tinto Centro Studi Attivitá Motorie- Istituto Superiore di Educazione Fisica di Torino CSAM-ISEF, Turin, Italy  tintoamalia@libero.it   Maria Rosa Rosato Centro Studi Attivitá Motorie- Istituto Superiore di Educazione Fisica di Torino CSAM-ISEF, Turin, Italy rosatomr@libero.it, Irene Lia Schlacht Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, irene.lia.schlacht@gmail.com Melchiorre Masali Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy, (retired professor) melchiorre.masali@gmail.com Margherita Micheletti Cremasco Università degli Studi di Torino,Turin, Italy, margherita.micheletti@unito.it   ABSTRACT Rhythmic Gymnastics in Microgravity to Improve the Human Movement Space is the theme of a project (ZER0gYMN)  we have attempted to develop with rhythmic athletes using either the facilities offered by the space industry in Turin or 0g situations like parabolic flights. The immediate aim of the proposal is to evaluate the differences in the perception of sound/rhythm and the effect on performance in gymnastics engagement on Earth and in microgravity, taking advantage of the opportunity to study this particular aspect of human movement and the feeling expressed by this Olympic sport. Gymnastics is an activity that is essentially “gravitation based". We present some physical training exercises aimed at orientation education in space as a function of microgravity. Three areas/sectors have been identified: on the ground, with tools, and in the water. Exercises under earthly conditions were presented in ten gym work session.   Keywords: Microgravity, Human Movement, Rhythmic Gymnastics, 0g/µg Exercises  1.1 Foreword In-flight student experiments, whether proposed or personally exploited in microgravity, may represent a valid opportunity to solve somewhat insightful questions notwithstanding their great educational significance in the field of human performance in microgravity. We may occasionally remember the Skylab, Motor Sensory Performance, Student Experiment, ED-41 proposed by Kathy L. Jackson of Houston (1973), or our CROMOS experiment on color and brightness perception performed in 2006 during an ESA student parabolic flight. Gymnastics may have high potential for astronauts. In particular, we want to investigate rhythmic gymnastics, not to teach astronauts but to seek new methods and potentials in the field. According to Smith et al. (2012), exercise has shown little success in mitigating bone loss from long-duration spaceflight. Nevertheless, their data document that resistance exercises, coupled with adequate energy intake and vitamin D, can maintain bone mass in most regions during 4- to 6-month missions in microgravity. This is the first evidence that improving nutrition and resistance exercise during spaceflight can attenuate the expected bone mineral density deficits previously observed after prolonged missions.  Much research has focused on the relationship between exercise and the maintenance of bone structures, but bone metabolism is not the only motivation for the study of movement in Space; there is also the habit of body orientation and the maintaining of movement rhythms control in the interaction with environment and people. These topics are of interest in the studies of human adaptation to extreme environment dynamics considering its physical, physiological, biomechanical and perceptual features. Moreover, we emphasize from the specific standpoint of this study on the capacity to express motion and motion control in sports techniques. Accordingly, the aim of this first experiment is to evaluate plausible differences regarding the perception of sound/rhythm in microgravity (0g/µg) conditions, in  gymnastic actions, studying the particular aspects of human movement and the sensitivity expressed by Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG), as well as promoting the physical activity themes and education to movement in Space. Notwithstanding the classic Skylab athletic experiments (NASA, 2008),  as demonstrated by the Kitsou Dubois (Dubois, 2001) experimentation, gymnastics and choreography can be performed in 0g/μg, which offers a new opportunity for further studying human movement. The compensation of gravity in parabolic flights can allow studying the 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy. ©2012 by Prof. Amalia Tinto. Published by the IAF.  IAC-12-A1-1-19                                                                                                           Page 2 of 5  perception of rhythm in 0g / µg and the actions that can be performed by the gymnast. Also the compensation of underwater gravity could be used to develop the technique (according to K. Dubois). A first evaluation of the feasibility of testing specific motor activities in microgravity has already been implemented during a parabolic flight experiment at ESA (European Space Agency) with performers of very different body build: Irene L. Schlacht (5th percentile ♀) and Henrik Birke (95th percentile ♂) mention that through the state of weightlessness, the dynamic conditions of certain movements are modified. Everything loses its weight and retains its mass. Sources of information provided by the gravitational force disappear, but the visual structures of the environment are maintained. The body schema is certainly changed. Its sensory-motor and perceptual system are different from its usual environment of life. Through their reciprocal relations, the individual will have to adapt to this new condition. Through the process of adaptation, the astronaut must redefine its own world and build a body of knowledge on the environment and experimental procedures designed to exploit it. It will therefore be faced with the need to perform an adequate behavioral strategy appropriate for the circumstances of the moment (Tafforin, 1993). The absence of gravity is also seen as sensory assault: an astronaut faces unusual conflicts in the reception of sensory messages. Thus, there appears an "evil space" kind of disease of adaptation. A manifestation of this disease is a feeling of anxiety with decreased alertness, fatigue, and apathy encountered during kinetosis. The sensory conflict is intra-vestibular and visual-vestibular, remodeling the body schema and changing the fluid distribution; modifying digestion, due to the non-stimulation of the mechanoreceptors of the gastric wall; ultimately, fatigue and psychological stress can play a supporting role. Being an experienced parabolic flyer, the performance of the choreographer and dancer  Kitsou Dubois  in microgravity shows the extraordinary work of adaptation that is possible through the job of a dancer (Dubois, 1994, Bureaud, 2009).   1.2. The Project Our ZER0gYMN project (Rosato et al., 2012) was devised in view of an ESA Student Parabolic Flight Project that was planned to investigate the relationship between Gymnastics (the Rhythmic specialty in particular) movement and visual orientation in 0g from a neutral posture. In recent years, this orientation of the study has involved rhythmic gymnastics experts leading to motivating contributions to theoretical research but increasing the possibilities of simulation and experimentation (Masali et al., 2010). The chance and the challenge were to find out whether Rhythmic Gymnastics exercises specifically structured to express the complexity of this type of extreme physical activity could make an important contribution to studies on human movement when deprived of their most important parameter: weight. A further aim of the proposal was to contribute to increasing the component of well-being in studies of habitability during long-duration space missions, where physical activity becomes an important factor for the success and efficiency of the astronauts. The project is at present only a preparation study as the kind of experiment (not technological, involving humans in the experimentation and the requirements of room and safety devices on the aircraft) precluded these tests from actually being carried out.  3. Issues and Problem We devised various exercises intended for physical training and orientation education intended to make the living conditions in a microgravity environment more suitable and to exploit their actual feasibility. The choice of the exercises and the definition of the protocol under earthly conditions were determined by preliminary investigations on focused Gymnastics techniques carried out during a parabolic flight (Schlacht et al. 2007).  We identified three areas / sectors: on the ground, with the use of specific tools (rings, elastic supports, and bar), and underwater. We present below some of the 10 exercises prepared under earthly conditions in ten gym sessions (Tinto et al., 2011).  4. The Exercises  The series of ground exercises were designed to gradually educate the body to be consciously aware of positions and movements characterized by a continuous form and with the use of planes and axes combined in different ways. The player should be required to perform the exercises at different paces to obtain different degrees of muscle exploitation. We present some examples of those who best represent types of rhythmic movements that we feel are particularly useful in the µg/0g context. In particular, exercise 3 (of Figure 1) is carried out in the frontal plane and is characterized by an imbalance of the body obtained with the support of the hands to the ground and behind a limb back-high unbalance, inverted forward and back upright. Exercise 7 (of Figure 2) consists of rotations of the body on the longitudinal axis of 360 ° and over, carried out in different positions: the first from a position on the floor with divaricated sagittal of the lower limbs, the other with departure from assuming the upright position, the bust flipped forward and elevation of a limb back-up. Basically this is the flipping of the body on a limb only with rotation of the longitudinal axis. Finally, exercises 9 and 10 (of Figures 3 and 4) may be regarded as an approach to the next step, which should provide for exercises in the air phase with the help of different tools (rings, elastic supports, and bar). Exercise 9, in pairs, consists of performing a position in support of a companion, while exercise 10 carries out a tilting guided by two companions that support and help the tipping, starting by lifting the body 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy. ©2012 by Prof. Amalia Tinto. Published by the IAF.  IAC-12-A1-1-19                                                                                                           Page 3 of 5  upwards. It is therefore supported  toward the air microgravity phase, because the companion-companions are anchored to the floor.     Image: Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 from top to bottom show the protocolled exercises n°#3;#7;#9;#10, respectively.  1.5. Future Research Directions Our experience in microgravity shows that in order to move in a very determined way following exactly the prescribed exercises, there are two possibilities: 1. Having a connection point to use as a pivot to move the body: e.g., Kitsou Dubois coordinates her movements with hands clinging to a chair anchored to the floor. 2. Having a helper anchored to the floor: e.g., Irene Schlacht and Henrik Birke were moved by the person secured to the ground with straps on the feet. Considering the application of these exercises in the μg/0g context, it is clear that for exercises #9 and #10, the anchorage quandary, which is essential to solve in the absence of gravity, is easily solved by stabilizing the supporting companion/s (as it was in the Schlacht/Birke preliminary trial during the above-mentioned ESA parabolic flight), while for the individual free body exercises devised in the gravitational field, weak-tight Velcro® strips only at the support end points of the limbs may allow switching between the anchor points. We alternatively foresee that the gymnast may use fixed media such as bar, parallel bars, rings and suspended sheets which are the common media of Artistic Gymnastics. An exercise protocol is at present being devised to integrate Rhythmic Gymnastics with Artistic Gymnastics to solve the anchoring difficulties in order to better define the proposed study of movement and rhythm in different levels of gravity and experimental conditions (underwater, parabolic flights and 0g Space).  Technical difficulties and environmental changes in the regulations have been delaying the possibility of continuing the experiment in microgravity. The preparation of specific exercises developed in an environment of neutral buoyancy increasingly using collaborative structures, aerospace industrial environment existing in Turin, the exchange of actual experiences with the Technical University of Berlin and ESA-ESTEC, has allowed developing this new field of investigation.  Acknowledgments We would like to thank all the people and institutions involved.  References Bureaud A., (2009). “Kitsou Dubois and the Weightless Body”, IEEE MultiMedia, 16 (1):4-7.  Dubois K. (1994). “Dance and Weightlessness: Dancer’s Training and Adaptation Problems in Microgravity”, Leonardo, 27(1), 57-64, Berkeley, USA  Masali M., Rosato M.R., Tinto A., Schlacht I.L., Ferrino M., Micheletti Cremasco M. (2010). Exploiting Rhythmic Gymnastics in microgravity. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 50 (3) supp. 1: Abstract p. 17. II National  Congress Italian Society of Movement and Sport Sciences. SISMES (Torino, 30 sett-2 ott 2010).   NASA (2008). NASA archive footage of Skylab zero-gravity athletics, including the "exercise wheel" and playing catch. 9 lug 2008 - 2 min - Caricato da DiscoveryNetworks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_p7LiyOUx0   Rosato M., Tinto A., Masali M., Schlacht I.L., Micheletti Cremasco M.,  (2012). An unfeasible experiment: ZER0gYM. Current state and prospects. In press: Journal of Biological Research.  Rubbettino Editore Srl- Soveria Mannelli, Catanzaro.  Schlacht I.L., Birke H., Brambillasca S., Dianiska B. (2007) Achromatic and chromatic perception in microgravity. CROMOS experiment in the ESA student parabolic flight campaign. In M. Monici, ELGRA News. Bulletin (25)193-195  (selected by ELGRA as student winner group)  Smith M.S., Heer A. M., Shackelford C. L., Sibonga D. J., Ploutz-Snyder L. & Zwart R. S. (2012) Benefits for bone from resistance exercise and nutrition in long-duration spaceflight: Evidence from biochemistry and densitometry. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research  27(9)1896–1906 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy. ©2012 by Prof. Amalia Tinto. Published by the IAF.  IAC-12-A1-1-19                                                                                                           Page 4 of 5   Tafforin C. (1993) Ethological description of the Astronaut’s motor adaptation from training to space flight – Applications to sport domain. Cinquièmes Journées Internationales d’automne de l’Association des Chercheurs en Activités Physiques et Sportives (ACAPS), Caen, France, 28-30 Octobre 1993.   Tinto A., Rosato M.R., Masali M., Schlacht I.L., Ferrino M., Micheletti Cremasco M. (2011).  The Rhythmic Gymnastics in microgravity:  proposal of an experimental protocol. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 51 (3) supp. 1 n°3: Abstract p. 56. III National  Congress Italian Society of Movement and Sport Sciences. SISMES (Verona).  Presenters at the IAC Conference -  Irene Lia Schlacht: irene.lia.schlacht@gmail.com Milan: +39 320 3168 723 Berlin: +49 0176 3588 2695  Paper Reference Tinto, A., Rosato, M.R., Critelli M., Masali, M., Schlacht, I.L., Micheletti Cremasco, M. (2012). Difference in the Perception of Sound/Rhythm and the Effect on Gymnastics Performance in Microgravity. IAC-12.A1.1.19. 63rd International Astronautical Congress 2012 1-5/10/2012  Napoli: Italy.  Online on: http://www.iafastro.net/download/congress/IAC-12/DVD/full/IAC-12/A1/1/manuscripts/IAC-12,A1,1,19.p1,x16042.pdf                          In the next page: Poster of the paper for the 63rd International Astronautical Congress 2012 1-5/10/2012  Napoli: Italy 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy. ©2012 by Prof. Amalia Tinto. Published by the IAF.  IAC-12-A1-1-19                                                                                                           Page 5 of 5      

Differences in the perception of sound/rhythm and the effect on gymnastics performance in microgravity (the zer0gmn project).

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Differences in the perception of sound/rhythm and the effect on gymnastics performance in microgravity (the zer0gmn project).

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