A brief account is given of various approaches
to the individualization of drug dosage, including the use of
pharmacodynamic markers, therapeutic monitoring of plasma
drug concentrations, genotyping, computer-guided dosage
using ‘dashboards’, and automatic closed-loop control of
pharmacological action. The potential for linking the real patient
to his or her ‘virtual twin’ through the application of
physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling is also
discussed
