Alessandro, D&apos

Cappelli, Alessio

Cini, Enrico

Nicola, Menditto

Riccardo, Guidetti

Roberto, Beghi

Valentina, Giovenzana

English

Florence Research

1/‘h htemational AJIA Co嬢rence: J砂5-8, 2016 Bari - J胸か“Bio少stems Engineering ade加essing ‘he human cha〃enges Qrthe 21S‘ cen飯ry ”ExpIoitation of technoIogical innovations along the o賞ive oiI mi賞lingPrOCeSS for an optimization of the pIant performanceBeghi R.(1), Giovenzana V.(l)’Guidetti R.(1), Cappelli A.(2)’D’Antoni A.(2), Mendi請O N.(2)’CiniE.(2)砂Dqa肋nent QfAg7‘icu初ml and Environmental Sbiences - Proあcめn, Landscqe, Agroene′協,Universiぬcねgli Studi di MJlano, 1,ia Celoria, 2 20133 MZlanoのDepar鋤ent QrAgro‥ゆod &Fores砂rysfems Man喝ementUniveI短めdegli Studi di Firenze P"le Cascine 15 50144用m2ZeCb′re坤On(ガng a〃脇or: G〃idet# R・, riccardb.g〃ideit逸りn訪ね#Keywords: O獲iveタPaStel husk? malaxer machinel leaf conditioner) UV) VisANIRS PeCtrOSCO PySummaryThis work aims to evaluate the production process of olive oil in tems of production yield andreducing waste of by-PrOducts with a view to enhancing the economic savlngS Without leavingout the quality aspects. Some solutions in different critical points of the process were evaluatedto optimize the oil extraction procedure.The study focused on: (i) the use of a olive tree leaves conditioner to reduce the leaves volunesde五ving from the cleaning machine ofthe mill and to facilitate the humification process in orderto obtain a by-PrOduct rich in nitrogen, a CruCia=acking element in composting processes; (ii)the conditioning of paste temperature using a continuous malaxer machine to increase’in a shorttime, the temperature of paste during processing, and to limit the oxygen exposure thanks to thecontrolled conditions and no water addition; (iii) the application of vis/NIR spectroscopy inorder to co∬elate spectral data, aCquired on intact olives and pastes, tO the crucial parameters.1. IntroductionThe aspect of e血ancing the quality and of recycling in the olive oil productions chain waste is atopic of relevance. Moreover, many famers bum olive tree pruning materials with high CO2emission, Olive pomace and wastewater are often spread directly in field, With consequentenvirormental impact (Cini & Regis, 2000; Altieri & Esposito, 2008). By the other hand theseproblems invoIve the olive oil chain, for little and medium companies. The solution hereproposed consists of composting waste and residuals, directly in farm with the aim of cIosingthe organic matter circle directly in the fam. The need to improve better¥ perfemances incomposting could be of interest to adopt the prototype perfomed by the authors’COnSideringtwo aspects‥ minimize the waste costs and increase the process perfomances. Moreover’theactual frontier of olive oil quality enhancement is focused on the flavour’s maximization・ Since2009 the authors perfomed a prototype of malaxer machine to increase’in a short time’thetemperature of paste during processing.The selection of olive fruit with defined properties that ensure positive attributes in olive oil isforeseeable using visANIR and NIR spectroscopy in olive oil production (Amenta et al., 2010).However, 1imited work has been undertaken about the implementation of visANIR and NIRSPeCtrOSCOPy directly in the mill・2. Materia看s and methods(i) Prototype of a leaves conditioner: COnSidering the composting need and knowing the volumeof leaves outbound the blowing in the olive mill, the study was ca正ed out in Montepaldi (famof the University of FIorence) exactly in the specific area of the company, Where it is s血atedthe rectangular section cemented tank surrounded by a l meter wall. Moreover’a Simplemachine was used to reduce the leaves volune. The operative principle of this prototypeconsists in the use ofthe air vortex ofthe mi11 plant to a11ow the e血ance ofolive leaves in theopening placed at the top of the machine. On the bottom of the machine is positioned a set of28711偽励ema加nalAIL4 Co嬢rence: J砂5-8, 2016 Bari -海砂“Bio少励ems Enginee万ng a虎hessing Zhe human cha〃enges q/偽e 2 IS‘ centu7y ”equidistant blades, Which assures the partial or complete cutting and allow to obtain a finalPrOduct with the volume reduced of about l/3. The prototype ofthe chopper machine has beenbuilt entirely in stainless steel. The accumulation of residual waste has been realized by theunion of: 400 kg of green stalk’400 kg of walnut shredded, 400 kg ofwhite marc unfemented,1400 kg ofolive wet pomace, 300 kg ofolive leaves and 400 kg ofgrapevine shredded.The mass was tumed over every 2 weeks, tO SuPPOrt aerObic fementation and metabolic activityOfmicroorganisms. The dimensions were 9,10 m x 2,20 m x O,20 m (4.004 m3).(ii) The prototype ofthe continuous malaxing machine (Figure 2. 1 ) consists of:a knife crusher from which the olive pomace goes into the malaxer consisting of four tubes(each one of the length of l m), With intemal cochlea, horizontally disposed in a vertical plane.The pomace velocity can be regulated, but in this study was fixed at 4 m min-l・圏F細野e 2. 1.・ Proto砂pe Qf脇e continuous malc激ing machine(iii) Testing of a vis/NIR device: a tOtal of 54 olive samples (400-500 g), Which presented noinfection or physical damage, Were quickly transported to the laboratory to be analysed, and foreach sample a homogeneous batch of olives (i.e. approx. 300 g) was selected. For each sample,30 olive fruit vis/NIR spectra were acquired, for a total of 1 620 optical measurements. For eachOlive, uSing a portable spectrophotometer (Jaz, OceanOptics, USA), tWO SPeCtral measurementsWere taken in reflectance mode and averaged. Physical measurements (i.e. yield point force andtotal defomation energy) were ca証ed out on the olive samples and the maturity index (MI) wasCalculated; after, the fruit were crushed for olive paste production, and chemical analyses(moisture, Oil and sugars content) were perfomed and correlated to the spectral data.3. Results and discussion(i) The use of olive tree leaves conditioner reduces the leaves volume deriving from the cleaningSeCtion by 30-40%, Producing a good composting element (the chemical parameters arereported in Table 3.1).7bble 3.1.・ Chemical parameters results /br 3 co77甲ary ’s con岬ost samples and / rqetitioneach samParameters SamDle l ReD. 1　　Sample 2　　Rep. 2　　Sample 3　　Rep. 3H　　　　　　　　　　　　　4.64　　　　　4.78　　　　7.35　　　　　6.57　　　　9.51　　　　9.86Residual after drying at　41・30　　　41・70　　42-90　　　48.20　　40・80　　　47.101050C (%)Ashes (%)　　　　　　2.40　　　2.10　　　2.50　　　2.60　　　4.30　　　5.40Organic Carbon　　　　　　26.40　　　　32.90　　　28.60　　　　33.60　　　30.44　　　　33.20Total Nitroen lO.40　　　10.40　　10.70　　　1 1.20　　　4.60　　　　4.70Total Phosphorus　　　　3.30　　　4.04　　　3.70　　　4.25　　　3.70　　　4. 1 5Pb (mg/kg)　　　　　　　9.70　　　　7.20　　　　5.50　　　　6.20　　　　8.50　　　　6.609.70　　　　14.40　　10.30　　　1 0.40　　　8.90　　　　1 8.60<1　　　　　<1　　　　<1　　　　　<1　　　　<1　　　　　<l<0.5　　　　<0.5　　　<0.5　　　　<0.5　　　<0.5　　　　<0.59.70　　　　14.40　　　6.30　　　　　8.60　　　　6.30　　　　　8.60Hg (m288????? ?????11′方J"temationalAHA Cbがvnnce: J砂5-8, 2016 Bari - 1tab′“Bio9巌ms Engineering a物でSSing !he human challenges Q/‘the 21S′ centu7y ”Zn (mg化g)　　　　　14.50　　14.40　　10.80　　10.40　　1 1.40　　　20.70Inferior calorific power　　　　〇　　　　　〇　　　　　〇　　　　　〇　　　3966.00　　4047.40Hunification index O.50　　　　　0.49The humidity of 50% could be considered very good, PH tends to acidity in first sampling forCO2 and organic acid fomation, While successively it tends to neutrality thanks to aeration thatinduce CO2 expulsion, and to ammonia production from corroded proteins・ Finally, it tends toalkalinity with pH value around 9,5, While for high quality compost血e expected result is atleast 8,5 (D.1gs n 152 2006; D.M. n 21 2000). Organic carbon results are in accordance to theSize of30%. The results in tems ofheavy metals content can be considered as good.(ii) In Table 3.2 are reported the results ofthe test conceming the different temperatures oftheinterspace conditioning water in the four tubes ofthe malaxing machine prototype:Zbble 3.2: htersace conditionin in /he exrimental testTube Test宣　　Test 2　　Test 3　　Test 41　　　　　　　　　　　　　　17.4　　18.0　　　21.6　　　22.02　　　　　　　　　　　　　　18.4　　19.O　　18.4　　　22.53　　　　　　　　　　　　　　19.O　　15.4　　　20.9　　　22.64　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　18.2　　16.4　　15.4　　16.6Pomace temperature　　　1 8. 8　　23.7　　23.4　　26.3Final oil temperature　　　　23.0　　26.0　　26.0　　25.7The presented results regard the physical perfemance of the machine. The chemical andsensorial analysis were also perfomed, Showing a very good quality of the obtained oils (datanot shown).(iii) PLS regression models were built for each parameter measured (Table 3.3). Regardingtextural parameters, the possibility to use the reference data on a single beny allowed to obtainacceptable results for the prediction of indices usually di飾cult to be predicted in an optical non-destructive way. Interesting results were obtained for the prediction of the yield point force.Slig皿y better results were obtained from spectra on olive pastes compared to those arlSmgfrom the models calculated using spectra on intact olives. AIso in this case’better results wereachieved for the prediction of MI. This result may have interesting applicative implications,since the MI requires time for measuring and sanple preparation.物ble 3.3.・ Desc垂加ve sta融tics and stat短ies〆the PLS models elaborated on vis/N肱やectraQ/ intact olivesゆr the prediction〆chemicaんmaturi少and !extural parameters侍iove72Zana etCa Iibra tion C ross-Va lida tionR2cv RMSECV RPDPa ra meters n Mean DS LVsR2∽l　剛SECMoisture(%)　　　　48　53.32　3.97　　8　0.87　1.39　　0.571.89　　　2 10Oil content (g kg)　　44　37L11 49.93　9　0・85　18・67　0・74　　25・85　1・93Sugar content(gkg‾1)　46∴∴38.87　5.69　7　0・65　　3・31　0・42　　4・35　1・31MaturityIndex　　　　47　　0.85　1.02　　3　0.930 24　 0.92　　　0.26　　　3.92Yieldpointforce(N)  14.10　4l・26 17.26　9　0.6312.32　　0.6 　　12.44　　l.39Total deformationenergy (N mm)1373　450.35 103.69　10　0.42　　78.83　　0.4　　79.96　1.30SD standard deviation; LV latent variables28911初htemationalAHA Co碕nnce: J砂5-& 2016 Bari - J/a砂“Bio少s陵ms Enginee肋g ci肋でssing #’e hc‘man Cha〃e移es qrthe 21∫‘ centu′y ’’4. Conclusions(i) The composting approach and the use ofthe presented prototype gained could be of interestin small fams and could be extended in di節erent contexts of血e agro-food industry.(ii) The experimental plan aimed to provide a themal stress to the pomace, before the extractionof the oil. This approach is perfomed to enhance the oil fragrancy’and the first tests wereenCOuragmg.(iii) Regarding visANIR spectroscopy, the obtained results were encouraging for chemicalanalyses (moisture, Oil and sugars content), Physical measurements (yield point force and totaldefomation energy) and maturity index prediction, demonstrating the feasibility of real-timeestimation of crucial indices for the milling plant settings.ReferencesAltieri R., Esposito A., 2008. ‘一Olive orchard amended wi血two experimental olive mill wastesmixtures: effects on soil organic carbon, Plant grow血and yield一一・負Bioresource TechnoIogy",99, 8390-8393.Amenta S., Moros J., Garrigues S., Guardia M., 2010.負The use of near-i血ared spectrometryin the olive oil industry".負Crit. Rev. Food Sci・ Nutr.,,, 50, 567-582.Chiumenti A., Da Borso F., Rodar T., Chiumenti R., 2007・ “Swine manure composting bymeans of experimental turring equipment”∴`Waste management”, 27(1 2), 1 774-1 782.Cini E., Regis S., 2000. “Smaltimento-reCuPerO delle acque di vegetazione dei frantoi oleari.Smaltimento e riutilizzo dei reflui nei frantoi,,. “Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.”, 50, 567-582.Giovenzana V., Beghi R., Civelli R.’Trapani S., Migliorini M., Cini E., Zanoni B.’Guidetti R.・20 1 7. “Rapid determination of crucial parameters for the optimization of milling process byusing visible′near infrared spectroscopy on intact olives and olive paste".高Italian Joumal ofFood Science”, 29(2), 357-369.290

ExpIoitation of technoIogical innovations along the olive oiI milling processr an optimization of the pIant performance

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ExpIoitation of technoIogical innovations along the olive oiI milling processr an optimization of the pIant performance

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