Beserra, F. J.

Lorenzini, Giangiacomo

Martini, Andrea

Morais, S. M.

Rodrigues, M. R. C.

Rondina, D.

Santos Filho, J. M.

English

Florence Research

25th IGA Anniversary – International Symposium, 24-26/5/2007- Author instructions  Influence of cashew nut bran on performance in vivo, plasma and meat 1 composition in goats 2  3 J.M. Santos Filho1, D. Rondina1, F.J. Beserra2, S.M. Morais1, M.R.C. Rodrigues1, A. Martini 4 3 & G. Lorenzini 3 5 1 PPGCV, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciencias Veterinarias, Avenida Paranjana, 1700, 6 60740-000 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brasil 7 2 UNIFOR, Universidade de Fortaleza, Avenida Washington Soares, 1321, 60811-905, 8 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brasil 9 3 DISCIZO, Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Via delle Cascine 5, 50144 Firenze, Italia  10  11  12 Summary 13  14 In order to verify the effect of cashew nut bran supplementation on performance and 15 characteristics of plasma and meat in goats, twelve local weaned (5-6 month) male goats with 16 similar (mean ± SEM) live weight (14.3 ± 1.1 kg) were used. For six months, two groups 17 (n=6) were submitted to two diets, without (WC) or with 13 % cashew nut bran 18 supplementation (SC). The rations were offered at 2.5% of BW and corrected every seven 19 days. Immediate before slaughter, blood samples were collected by venipuncture in order to 20 determine cholesterol, lipids and protein concentrations in the plasma. After slaughter 21 Longissimus dorsi muscle was removed for cholesterol, total lipid and protein levels analyses.  22 During the experimental period the mean daily weight gain(mean ± SEM) recorded was 23 similar for WC and SC groups (66.1 ± 14.9 g vs. 53.9 ± 11.4 g, P > 0.05). Results showed a 24 significant increase (P < 0.05) for total lipids concentrations in plasma and meat in SC. 25 However the cholesterol and proteins levels were statistically similar between groups (P > 26 0.05). In conclusion supplementation with cashew nut bran did not affect the in vivo 27 performance of goats. In addition cashew nut bran increased the lipid amounts in plasma and 28 meat but did not modify the protein and cholesterol levels. 29  30 Keywords: goat, meat, cashew nut bran, weight, plasma 31  32 Introduction 33  34 In North-eastern Brazil, the periodic droughts, impose severe restrictions to the food offer and 35 is a main drawback of goat husbandry (Pfister & Malechek, 1986). In this area cashew is an 36 important source of agricultural by-products. Harvest of cashew is concentrated during the dry 37 season and for this reason its by-products as cashew nut bran represents an abundant and 38 cheap resource of energy for goat meat production during the critical periods of food shortage 39 (Holanda et al, 1996). Although cashew nut bran is usually used for the farmers in northeast 40 of Brazil very few studies were carried out in goats feeding to investigate its influence on 41 animal response. Thus aim of this work was to evaluate the in vivo performance in goat 42 supplemented with cashew nut bran as well to verify the effect of this by-product on plasma 43 and meat composition.  44  45 Material and methods 46  47 25th IGA Anniversary – International Symposium, 24-26/5/2007- Author instructions  The experiment was conducted at Federal University of Ceará – Brazil (3°43’ S and 38°30’ 1 W). Twelve local weaned (5-6 month) male goats with a mean (± SEM) live weight of 14.3 ± 2 1.1 kg were used. Two groups (n = 6) were determined according to diets, without (WC) or 3 with cashew nut bran supplementation (SC). All animals received a basal diet of elephant 4 grass plus concentrate containing corn, soybean meal and mineral premix. In concentrate of 5 SC group was added also 13% of cashew nut bran (fresh material basis). The percent 6 composition for WC and SC diets was: dry matter 88.3 and 89.1%; total digestive nutrients 7 76.4 and 78.9%; fat 2.3 and 6.8%; crude protein 20.2 and 20.0%. The rations were offered at 8 2.5% of BW and corrected every seven days. The experiment lasted for six months. 9 The goats were kept in individual shaded pens with free water and salt access and 10 submitted to twenty days of housing and feeding adaptation. Every week, all animals were 11 weighed. Immediate before slaughter, blood samples were collected by venipuncture for 12 determination of cholesterol, lipid and protein concentrations from plasma (AOAC, 2000). At 13 slaughter Longissimus dorsi muscle was removed from the carcass and submitted to analysis 14 of cholesterol (Maia & Amaya Rodriges, 1993), total lipid and protein levels (AOAC, 2000).  15 All data were analyzed using SAS (SAS, 2002). The effect of cashew nut 16 supplementation (WC or SC), was analyzed by GLM procedure. Comparison between means 17 of nutritional treatments was performed by the Student t test. Values were represented as 18 mean ± SEM. 19  20 Results and Discussion 21  22 At the end of the experimental period the mean live weight recorded was similar for WC than 23 for SC group (24.88 ± 2.65 kg vs. 18.88 ± 2.97 kg; P > 0.05). Figure 1 show the daily weight 24 gain recorded during the experiment. The diet did not affect the daily weight gain of goats (P 25 > 0.05). The mean daily weight gains (DWG) were respectively 66.1 ± 14.9 g for WC goats 26 and 53.9 ± 11.4 g for SC group. This result is in agreement with Rodrigues et al., (2003) that 27 reported in crossbred sheep supplemented with four levels of cashew nut bran (0, 12, 24, 36 28 %), similar weight gain and feed conversion within the four groups. However the same 29 authors reported a linear decrease of dry matter, protein and fat intakes when increasing the 30 total lipids concentration of diet. The advantage of the use of fat is usually associated to the 31 increment of the energy diet density in ruminants, but elevated levels can induce a decrease of 32 dietary digestibility. Palmquist (1989) suggests for lactating cows a supplementation of 5 - 33 6% of fat in the diet. Although DWG of the present study can be considered below the 34 performance exhibited for specialized meat breed goats (Goetsch et al, 2004), our results are 35 in agreement with responses reported in the same region with Anglonubian goat (Rondina et 36 al, 2003).  37  38 25th IGA Anniversary – International Symposium, 24-26/5/2007- Author instructions  010203040506070809010030 60 90 120DaysDaily weight gain (g)SCWC 1 Figure 1. Daily weight gain in male goat supplemented (SC) or not supplemented (WC) with 2 cashew nut brun. a,b P < 0.05. Values are mean ± SEM 3  4 Concerning the meat and plasma characteristics, it is important to point out that in all 5 animals the mean values of lipids, cholesterol and protein levels of Longissimus dorsi (Table 6 1) were within the limits reported for other authors (Madruga et al, 2001) in breeds or genetic 7 types of North-eastern Brazil. In supplemented cashew nut bran group concentrations of lipids 8 showed an expected significant increase (P < 0.05) in both plasma and meat. By contrast no 9 difference was observed between groups for cholesterol and proteins levels (P > 0.05), in 10 disagreement with Freitas et al, (2000), that reported a reduction of cholesterol in broilers fed 11 with cashew nut bran.  12  13 Table 1. Total lipids, protein and cholesterol levels in plasma and meat of male goat 14 supplemented (SC) or not supplemented (WC) with cashew nut brun. 15 Parameters SC   WC  Plasma Meat  Plasma Meat       Lipids 241.8 ±12.8a   4.9 ±0.4a  207.3 ±9.5b   1.9 ±0.2b Cholesterol   65.4 ±2.3 59.7 ±1.9   72.8 ±5.6 54.4 ±2.0 Proteins   16.9 ±0.7 19.5 ±0.2   17.4 ±0.9 21.3 ±1.3 a,b P < 0.05 16  17 In conclusion, first results tended to indicate that supplementation with cashew nut bran did 18 not affect the in vivo performance in goats. Also our findings showed that cashew nut bran 19 increase the lipids amounts in plasma and meat but not modify the protein and cholesterol 20 levels. Together these results suggest that cashew nut bran is likely to use during drought 21 season as source of diet supplementation in goats. 22  23 References 24  25 25th IGA Anniversary – International Symposium, 24-26/5/2007- Author instructions  1. Almeida, M.M.M., Zapata, J.F.F. Martins, C.B. 1997. Cholesterol and phospholipid 1 levels in goat meat as affected by dietary calcium. Pesquisa Agropecuária Bras., 32, 2 555-558.  3 2. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 2000. Official Methods of 4 Analysis. 17th ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA. 5 3. Freitas, E.R, Militao, S.F., Fuentes, M.F.F., Espindola, G.E., Morais, S.M., 2000. 6 Colesterol e acidos graxos da gordura de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas 7 contendo farelo da amendoa da castanha de caju suplementado com enzimas. In: 8 proceeding of XXXVII Reunião Anual Soc. Bras. Zootec., Vicosa, MG. 9 4. Goetsch A.L.., Detweiler G., Sahlu T., Puchala R., Merkel R.C, Soto-Navarro S. 2004 10 Effects of diet quality and age of meat goat wethers on early subsequent growth while 11 grazing wheat forage Small Rum. Res., 5, 157–164.  12 5. Holanda, J.S., Furusho, I.F., Lima, G.F.C. 1996 Perspectivas de uso do pedúnculo de 13 caju na alimentação animal. In: proceeding of Simpósio Nordestino de Ruminantes, 14 6.155-161. 15 6. Madruga, M.S., Souza, J.G., Narain, J.G. 2001. Castration and slaughter age effects on 16 fat components of “Mestico” goat meat. Small Rum., Res. 42, 77–82. 17 7. Maia, E.L.; Amaya-Rodriguez, D.B. 1993. Avaliação de um método simples e 18 econômico para a metilação de ácidos  graxos com lipídios de diversas espécies de 19 peixes. Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 53, 1, 27-33.  20 8. Palmquist, D.L. 1991 Influence of source and amount of dietary fat on digestibility in 21 lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci., 74, 1354-1360. 22 9. Pfister J.A., Malechek J.C. 1986  The voluntary intake and nutrition og goat and sheep 23 in the semiarid tropics of Northeast Brazil. J. Anim. Sci.., 63, 1078-1086 24 10. Rodrigues M.M., Neiva M.J.N., Vasconcelos V.R., Lobo B.N.R., Pimentel J.C.M., 25 Moura A.A.N. 2003 Levels of cashew nuts meal in diets for feedlot sheep. R. Bras. 26 Zootec., 32, 1, 240-248. 27 11. Rondina, D., Freitas, V.J.F., Câmara, A.C.L., Lopes Júnior E.S., Paula N.R.O. 2003 28 Efeito do sistema de manejo alimentar sobre o desenvolvimento esquelético e ponderal 29 de cabritos da raça Anglo-nubiana de 0 a 180 dias de idade. In: proceeding of V 30 congresso pernambucano de medicina veterinaria VI Seminário nordestino de caprino-31 ovinocultura. recife: Embrapa caprinos, 1, 405-406  32 12. SAS, 2002. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.  33 

Influence of cashew nut bran on performance in vivo, plasma and meat composition in goats.

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Influence of cashew nut bran on performance in vivo, plasma and meat composition in goats.

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