Silages were made from guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. var. maximum) and phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.) at three-growth stages. The silages were investigated in relation fermentation quality. Phasey bean silage showed a better fermentation quality than guineagrass silage. The latic acid to total acid ratio of phasey bean silage was higher than 500g/kg DM, and the volatile basic nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio was lower than 100g/kg. It is concluded that phasey bean is an unique legume suitable for good silage fermentation

Imura, Y.

Kawamoto, Yasuhiro

Namihira, T.

English

University of Kentucky

University of Kentucky UKnowledge International Grassland Congress Proceedings XIX International Grassland Congress Fermentation Quality of Phasey Bean and Guineagrass Silages Y. Imura University of the Ryukyus, Japan T. Namihira University of the Ryukyus, Japan Yasuhiro Kawamoto University of the Ryukyus, Japan Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc  Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/19/21/14 This collection is currently under construction. The XIX International Grassland Congress took place in São Pedro, São Paulo, Brazil from February 11 through February 21, 2001. Proceedings published by Fundacao de Estudos Agrarios Luiz de Queiroz This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant and Soil Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Grassland Congress Proceedings by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact UKnowledge@lsv.uky.edu. ID # 21-20FERMENTATION QUALITY OF PHASEY BEAN AND GUINEAGRASS SILAGESY. Imura, T. Namihira and Y. KawamotoDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus 903-0213,Okinawa, JapanAbstract Silages were made from guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. var. maximum) andphasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.) at three-growth stages. The silages wereinvestigated in relation fermentation quality. Phasey bean silage showed a better fermentationquality than guineagrass silage. The latic acid to total acid ratio of phasey bean silage was higherthan 500g/kg DM, and the volatile basic nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio was lower than 100g/kg.It is concluded that phasey bean is an unique legume suitable for good silage fermentation.Keywords: Phasey bean, silage fermentation, tropical legumesIntroductionTropical grasses have low concentration of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), a factorfor their poor quality silages (Wilkinson, 1983). Legumes also make no good quality silagesbecause they are highly buffered, generally have low WSC dry matter (DM) contents (McDonaldet al., 1991). Still, napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) is known to produce goodquality silage regardless wilting or use of additives (Yokota et al., 1995). According to Skermanet al. (1988) the tropical legume phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroids L.) has been used inUruguay as silage material. Although napiergrass silages have been investigated by manyscientists there is few research about phasey bean.In this experiment, phasey bean was ensiled to examine the possibility of this legume tomake good quality silage and characterize the fermentation quality of its silage in comparison toguineagrass silage.Material and MethodsSilage making Guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. Var. maximum) and phasey bean (Macroptiliumlathyroids (L.) Urb.) were cultivated at Fukuoka, Japan. These forages were cut for silage at 43,65 and 79 days after seedling emergence. Growth stages of  Phasey bean were: vegetative stage(45 days), early blooming (65 days) and blooming stage (79 days), and those of  guineagrasswere: vegetative stage (45 days), early heading stage (65 days) and heading stage (79 days).These silages materials were chopped at about 4 cm length by manual chopper and ensiled in2liter volume experimental silos, in duplicates. Each silo contained 1.0kg (fresh weight) foragematerial. These silages were stored for about 100days at 20 oC constant temperature.Chemical analysis  After opening the silos, about 500g of samples were collected for chemical analysis. Drymatter (DM) of  fresh materials and respective silages were determined by air drying at 70oC for48 hours and corrected for volatile fatty acid and volatile basic nitrogen losses. Total non-structure carbohydrates (TNC) was extracted by hot water and measured by Anthron method(Faichney and White, 1983). Total nitrogen (TN) was analyzed by Kjeldahl method from undriedsamples. Silage samples were extracted with distilled water and used for measuring volatile basicnitrogen  (VBN), pH and organic acid composition. VBN were measured by steam distillationtechnique.  pH of silages was measured using pH meter (Model F13, HORIBA, Japan). Lacticacid (LA) was measured by method of Barker and Summerson, and the acetic acid (AA) and thebutyric acid (BA) were measured by gas chromatography (National Grassland Research Institute,1975). Lactic acid ratio (LA/TA) was calculated according to:LA/TA=LA/(LA+AA+BA)Statistical analysisExperimental data were submitted to analysis of variance and treatments differences weretested by Duncan's multiple Range Test.Results and DiscussionMaterial compositionComposition of fresh ensiled material is presented in Table 1.The DM of Phasey bean atany growth stage did not exceed 200g/kg. This value is thought not adequate to warrant a goodsilage fermentation. Guineagrass dry matter was also lower than 200g/Kg at vegetative and earlyheading stages. Only at heading stage its dry matter approached ideal value for a silage material.Apparently about 30g/kg fresh weight of WSC is required  to warrant good quality silage(Haigh, 1990). In the case of temperate grasses, TNC is made up by glucose, fructose, sucroseand storage carbohydrate fructosan. All of this constituents are water-soluble and can be utilizedby silage bacteria during storage periods. On the other hand, TNC of tropical grasses containsstarch as storage carbohydrate, which is not readily available for fermentation by silage bacteria.Accordingly, it is considered that fermentable substrates present in Phasey bean and Guineagrassare lower than TNC content. Phasey bean at blooming stage and Guineagrass  at heading stagehave high TNC content, but not as high for proper fermentation.According to Playne and McDonald (1966) materials with high buffering capacity resistto pH drop. Buffering capacity of a temperate grasses ranges from 250-400 m E/kg DM and thatof legumes ranges from 400-600 m E/kg DM. Buffering capacity of Phasey bean, 346-526 mE/kg DM, is thought to be as higher as that of any other legume.Fermentation quality of silagesThe pH, VBN and organic acid composition of silages are presented in Table 2.Catchpoole (1970) described that most tropical grass silage is “acetate type”. They defined silageof high acetic acid proportion as "acetate type". Acetic acid was the main organic acid found inall Guineagrass silages and latic acid was not detected. The pH of all Guineagrass silages washigher than 4.2 and the VBN/TN ratio was higher than 100g/kg. A low packing density (1kg /2liter), showed no excretion of effluents and long chopped length (4 cm) were regarded as thereason why Guineagrass silages showed low fermentation quality. Still, under these inadequateconditions, organic acid composition of Phasey bean silage was excellent with LA/TA ratiohigher than 600g/kg, and VBN/TN ration lower than 100g/kg at any growth stage. Fermentationquality of legume silages are usually not good. Lactic acid (LA) contents of Phsey bean silageswere below 80g/Kg DM. In the case of well-preserved temperate grass silages the latic acid liesin the range of 80 to 120g/Kg DM (McDonald et al., 1995).  Accordingly, Phasey bean isregarded as a unique legume suited for silage use.ReferencesCatchpoole, V.R. (1970). The silage fermentation of some tropical pasture plants. Proc. 11th.Int. Grass. Congr., Queensland, Australia, pp. 891-894.Faichney, G.J. and White G.A. (1983). Pages 12-14 in Methods for the analysis of feeds eatenby ruminants. CSIRO. Melbourne, Australia.Haigh, P.M. (1990). Effect of herbage water soluble carbohydrate content and weatherconditions at ensilage on the fermentation of grass silage made on commercial farm. Grass andForage Sci. 45: 263-271.McDonald, P., Henderson A.R. and Heron S.J.E. (1991). Pages 37-40 in The Biochemistry ofSilages. 2nd ed. Chalcombe Publications. Marlaw, UK.McDonald, P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D. and Morgan C.A. (1995). Silage Pages 451-464 in Animal Nutrition. 5th ed. Adison Wesley Longman. Harlaw. UK.National Grassland Research Institute (1975). Experimental Method of Silage Pages 44-59 inMem. Nat. Inst. No. 50-3 (In japanese only).Playne, M.J. and McDonald P. (1966). The buffering constituents of herbage and of Silage. J.Sci. Food. Agric. 17; 264-268.Skerman, P.J., Cameron D.G. and Riveros F. (1988). Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.Pages 337-345 in Tropical Forage Legumes. 2nd ed. FAO. Rome, Italy.Wilkinson, J.M. (1983). Silages made from tropical and temperate crops Part 1 The ensilingprocess and its influences on feed value. World Anim. Rev. 45: 36-45.Yokota, H., Ohshima M., Huang K.J. and Okajima T. (1995). Lactic acid production inNapier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage. Grassl. Sci. 41: 207-211.Table 1 – Composition of ensiled fresh materialsTreatment DM*(g/kg FW)WSC* (g/kg FW) TN*(g/kg DM)BC*(m E/kg DM)Phasey bean*vegetative122.1 10.2 39.9 526Phasey beanearly bloom158.6 11.9 27.2 400Phasey beanbloom177.0 16.5 26.2 346Guineagrass*vegetative132.1 7.5 23.3 488Guineagrass earlyheading194.7 9.2 10.8 359Guineagrassheading266.1 26.8 9.7 289Buffering capacity (BC) was expressed as millie equivalents (mE).DM; dry matter, WSC; water soluble carbohydrate, TN; total nitrogen, BC; buffering capacity.Table 2 – Composition of silageTreatment pH VBN/TN(g/kg)Lactic acid(g/kg FW)Acetic acid(g/kg FW)Butyric acid(g/kg FW)LA/TA(g/kg)Phasey beanvegetative4.44a,b 1) 98.17a,b 7.15b 1.13a,b N2) 861.44bPhasey beanearly bloom3.98a 49.32a 5.36a 0.92a N 847.68bPhasey beanbloom4.39a,b 94.25a,b 3.58a 1.89a,b N 648.61aGuineagrassvegetative5.17c 306.07d N 1.94a,b 1.44a 0.00Guineagrassearly heading4.52b 162.21b,c N 5.25b 2.72a 0.00Guineagrassheading5.67d 204.34c N 4.61a,b 3.29a 0.001)Values in column with different superscript letters differ (P<0.05).2) N (not detected)

Fermentation Quality of Phasey Bean and Guineagrass Silages

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Fermentation Quality of Phasey Bean and Guineagrass Silages

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