Kish, Vincent

Norman, Timothy L.

Porter, D. S.

English

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Cedarville UniversityDigitalCommons@CedarvilleEngineering and Computer Science FacultyPresentations School of Engineering and Computer Science2-2005Smoking and Dose Dependent Early Effects ofNicotine on Bone Mechanical Properties andHistologyD. S. PorterTimothy L. NormanCedarville University, tnorman@cedarville.eduVincent KishFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/engineering_and_computer_science_presentationsPart of the Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering CommonsThis Poster Session is brought to you for free and open access byDigitalCommons@Cedarville, a service of the Centennial Library. It hasbeen accepted for inclusion in Engineering and Computer Science FacultyPresentations by an authorized administrator ofDigitalCommons@Cedarville. For more information, please contactdigitalcommons@cedarville.edu.Recommended CitationPorter, D. S.; Norman, Timothy L.; and Kish, Vincent, "Smoking and Dose Dependent Early Effects of Nicotine on Bone MechanicalProperties and Histology" (2005). Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Presentations. 105.http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/engineering_and_computer_science_presentations/105SMOKING AND DOSE DEP ENDENT EARLY EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON BONE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND HISTO LOGY *Porter, D S; +*Norman, T L; *Kish, V L +*Department of Mechanical and Areospace Engineering, and Othropaedics, West Virginia University Morganotwn, WV, USA tnorman@cedarville.edu  INTRODUCTION       In the United States, about 50 million adults are smokers; smoking has been associated with debilitating bone disease. In a study done by Daniell (1), most people who showed symptoms of osteoporosis before the age of 65 were smokers. Lappe (2) and Friedl (3) found that female army recruits who developed stress fractures were more likely to report current smoking or past smoking habits. Nicotine has been implicated as the agent responsible for bone loss and reduced healing rates in spine fusion (4). However, a recent study done by France et al (5,6) showed that nicotine either helped or did not reduce spine fusion rates. An additional study done on rats to see if nicotine had any effect on bone that had not undergone surgery showed that nicotine did not weaken the strength of the bone (7). Few studies have been done to measure the effect of smoking on bone’s mechanical properties. In this study, the effect of smoking on bone’s ability to resist crack growth (i.e. fracture toughness) was examined.  METHODS       Twenty-six skeletally mature adult (24- 29 month) New Zealand white rabbits (male retired breeders) were obtained and randomly divided into four  groups.  This study was done in conjunction with another study to determine the effect of nicotine on spine fusion.  Each group received a single level posterolateral, intertransverse process fusion with autologous iliac crest bone, and sacrificed 5 weeks later. The groups were control (n=5), nicotine patch (10.5 mg)(n=9),  and two smoking groups (n=12).  The first smoking group only received cigarette smoke for four weeks starting one week after the surgery. The second smoking group received the cigarette smoke for all five weeks starting immediatey after the surgery. The smoke was delivered via a sm oking chamber.  A mode I compact tension specimen was made from each rabbit tibia (Figures 1). The control, 10.5 mg patch and the two smoking groups were compared using ANOVA. JMP statistical software was utilized. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS       The fracture toughness values were significanty lower for the five week smoking group compared to the control group and the four week smoking group. There was also a close to significant difference (p=.062) in the nicotine group compared to the five week smoking group  (Figure 2). There was a close but non-significant (p = .01115) difference between the porosity of the control group and the five week smoking group (Figure 3). The power analysis indicated that  the number of rabbits needed in each group to determine significant difference was 16. The average pore radius size was significantly (p< .05) different between the control and four week smoking groups compared to the five week smoking group (Figure 4).  DISCUSSION      This study suggested that the nicotine had no effect on weakening bones’ fracture toughness; however, cigarette smoke does. A cigarette contains over 4,000 chemicals; therefore, some agent other than nicotine may be responsible for the effects of smoking on bone. For example, a study done on ovariectomized rats with estrogen replacement, using Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), showed a decrease in BMD and in both vertebral compression strength and three point bending test failure load (8). It still remains to be shown that nicotine is the agent in cigarettes that is responsible for debilitating bone disease found in smokers. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT      The authors would like to thank Suzanne Smith who provided technical and manuscript preparation support, and Nina Clovis for her support.  REFERENCES  1 Daniell HW., Arch Intern Med 136:298-304, 1976.  2 Lappe JM et al., Osteoporos Int 12:35-42, 2001.  3 Friedl KE et al., Mil Med 157:334-8, 1992.  4 Silcox DH et al., Spine 20:1549-53., 1995.  5 France J et al., 2002.  6 France J et al., 2003  7 Akhter MP et al., J Orthop Res 21:14-9., 2003.  8 Lee LL et al., Bone 30:917-23, 2002  9 Wingerd B et al Rabbit Dissection Manual. Baltimore, MD, John Hopkins, 1985  Figure 1: Location of the fracture toughness specimen on the tibia with adaptation with CT specimen (9)  Figure 2: Fracture Toughness  Figure 3: Porosity  Figure 4: Average pore radius  51st Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research SocietyPoster No: 0649

Smoking and Dose Dependent Early Effects of Nicotine on Bone Mechanical Properties and Histology

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Smoking and Dose Dependent Early Effects of Nicotine on Bone Mechanical Properties and Histology

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