We are pleased to present in this Special Issue a series of reviews and research studies on the topic of &ldquo;Plant Virus Emergence&rdquo; [...

Goodin, Michael M.

Verchot, Jeanmarie

English

Michael Goodin

Jeanmarie Verchot

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Introduction to Special Issue of Plant Virus Emergence

University of Kentucky

University of Kentucky UKnowledge Plant Pathology Faculty Publications Plant Pathology 1-1-2021 Introduction to Special Issue of Plant Virus Emergence Michael M. Goodin University of Kentucky, mgoodin@uky.edu Jeanmarie Verchot Texas A&M University Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/plantpath_facpub  Part of the Epidemiology Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. Repository Citation Goodin, Michael M. and Verchot, Jeanmarie, "Introduction to Special Issue of Plant Virus Emergence" (2021). Plant Pathology Faculty Publications. 96. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/plantpath_facpub/96 This Editorial is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Plant Pathology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact UKnowledge@lsv.uky.edu. Introduction to Special Issue of Plant Virus Emergence Digital Object Identifier (DOI) https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010055 Notes/Citation Information Published in Viruses, v. 13, issue 1, 55. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This editorial is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/plantpath_facpub/96 virusesEditorialIntroduction to Special Issue of Plant Virus EmergenceMichael Goodin 1,* and Jeanmarie Verchot 2,*Citation: Goodin, M.; Verchot, J.Introduction to Special Issue of PlantVirus Emergence. Viruses 2021, 13, 55.https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010055Academic Editor: K. Andrew WhiteReceived: 24 December 2020Accepted: 30 December 2020Published: 1 January 2021Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu-tral with regard to jurisdictional clai-ms in published maps and institutio-nal affiliations.Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li-censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This article is an open access articledistributed under the terms and con-ditions of the Creative Commons At-tribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).1 Plant Pathology Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA2 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA* Correspondence: mgoodin@uky.edu (M.G.); jm.verchot@tamu.edu (J.V.); Tel.: +1-979-845-1788 (J.V.)We are pleased to present in this Special Issue a series of reviews and research studieson the topic of “Plant Virus Emergence”. The issue includes a series of articles that elab-orate on important plant virus diseases that are among the most recent epidemiologicalconcerns. This Special Issue is predicated on the paradigm that plant virus epidemiology,outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics parallel zoonotic viruses, and can be consequentialto global food security [1]. There is evidence that local, regional, national, and global tradeof agricultural products has aided the global dispersal of plant virus diseases. Expand-ing farmlands into pristine natural areas has created opportunities for viruses in nativelandscapes to invade crops, while the movement of food and food products disseminatesviruses creating epidemics or pandemics [2,3]. As covered in several of the submissions, anumber of factors drive plant virus emergence. Included in these are direct anthropomor-phic activities, reviewed in “Homo sapiens: the superspreader of plant viral diseases” [4]. Thistheme of distribution of cultivated plants around the world, dispersed from their centers ofdomestication, implicates humans as being responsible for the novel encounters betweenplants and their pests. Alternatively, in the article “Disease Pandemics and Major EpidemicsArising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops Viruses” [5],Jones considers the phenomenon of spillover, the movement of viruses from non-cultivatedvegetation into introduced crop plants. Such a phenomenon parallels that which occurredin the emergence of Ebola [6], Hendra, and Nipah viruses [7]. Climate change has alsocreated favorable environments for insects that vector plant viruses. Regulatory agenciesaround the globe are working together to prevent or mitigate the introduction of plantviruses into new areas where they can cause devastation to food security. Moreover, plantvirus outbreaks not only directly impact food supply, they also incidentally affect humanhealth.Other articles in this Special Issue describe plant viruses that are studied for their asso-ciations with “outbreak” phenomena (sudden appearance), reservoir hosts and “spillover”phenomena (transfer from wild to domesticated areas), common genetics, and reliance on“vectors” for viral spread. In “Potato virus Y emergence and evolution from the Andes of SouthAmerica to become a major destructive pathogen of potato and other solanaceous crops worldwide”,Torrance and Talianksly [8] discuss how PVY emerged from the Andes of South Americato become a worldwide threat to potato and other solanaceous crops. Due to its broad hostrange and recombination between strains, PVY and related potyviruses show an episodicemergence of new strains with new virulences. Torrance and Talianksly make the casefor research that integrates phylogenetic analyses and high-throughput next-generationsequencing for the detection, identification, and surveillance of new virus strains. Alongthese lines, Herath et al. present, in “Family Level Phylogenies Reveal Relationships of PlantViruses within the Order Bunyavirales” [9], the importance of phylogenetics in considerationof emergence negative-sense segmented RNA viruses infecting arthropods, protozoans,plants, animals, and humans. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the four “hallmark”genes demonstrated the relatedness of virus species across host eukaryotic species, hereinreinforcing the similar emergence phenomena that occur in both plant and animal systems.Viruses 2021, 13, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010055 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/virusesViruses 2021, 13, 55 2 of 3Furthermore, for these viruses, the link between plants and animals is made by the vectorsof the plant-infecting viruses.Insects are significant drivers of virus emergence, as featured in submissions byPinheiro-Lima et al., “Transmission of the Bean-Associated Cytorhabdovirus by the WhiteflyBemisia tabaci MEAM1” [10], and Schoeny, et al., “Can Winged Aphid Abundance Be a Pre-dictor of Cucurbit Aphid-Borne Yellows Virus Epidemics in Melon Crop?” [11]. These studiesconfirm that we must avoid dogmatic perspectives on plant virus transmission, as thefirst demonstration of a whitefly-transmitted rhabdovirus. Heretofore unknown virus–vector combinations should be anticipated as drivers of future outbreaks, as demonstratedfor Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) transmission of bean-associatedcytorhabdovirus to common bean, and with a lower efficiency to cowpea and soybean.However, not only is the particular vector important, but the timing of its occurrence infields relative to crop age can influence emergence. For example, the abundance of A.gossypii during the first two weeks after planting is a good predictor of disease causedby CABYV. Early control of the vector is necessary to minimize the potential for CABYVepidemics in melon crops.Increasingly, scientists depend upon advanced DNA and RNA sequencing technolo-gies to monitor the emergence and spread of new plant virus strains or species, facilitatenovel virus discovery, and uncover the etiology of complex diseases. In the article byWeiland et al., “RNAseq Analysis of Rhizomania-Infected Sugar Beet Provides the First GenomeSequence of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus from the USA and Identifies a Novel Alphanecrovirusand Putative Satellite Viruses” [12], advanced sequencing technology was used to discovera complex of viruses underlying rhizomania of sugarbeet. Historically, BNYVV is theacknowledged primary cause of rhizomania however, this work demonstrates the impacton disease severity of co-infecting viruses like beet soil-borne mosaic virus (BSBMV), beetsoil-borne virus (BSBV), beet black scorch virus (BBSV), and beet virus Q (BVQ), and anovel Alphanecrovirus.SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to emerge in recent years, SARS and MERS beingthe other two, suggesting that virus surveillance and discovery in reservoir species isimportant preparatory work for modeling disease outbreaks and planning for vaccinesbefore their emergence in humans. The discovery of emergent virus species and strainsrequires further molecular characterization. Moodley et al., in “Emergence and Full GenomeAnalysis of Tomato Torrado Virus in South Africa” [13], report new virus genome sequencesfor ToTV. Wieczorek et al., in “Development of a New Tomato Torrado Virus-Based VectorTagged with GFP for Monitoring Virus Movement in Plants” [14] produce infectious clonesneeded to study virus infection and molecular interactions with the hosts. Such infectiousclone technology is foundational in understanding virus molecular functions, as well as indeveloping plant viral-based protein expression vectors. It is in this arena that scientistsemploy plant-based protein expression systems for plant-based vaccine and pharmaceuticalproduction. Developing plant-made antivirals and vaccines is essential to contain andmitigate outbreaks at their earliest outset, thus mitigating recurrences of the tragic eventsrelated to the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. LeBlanc et al. [15] review the state-of-the-art systems for producing “mammalian-compatible” biomolecules in plants, particularlyas related to glycosylation.We hope that you find the collection in this Special Issue informative and of interest.As the public becomes informed of scientific theories on virus disease emergence andspread during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is timely that plant viruses are included inthe discussion. We hope that the articles in this Special Issue on “Plant Virus Emergence”highlight elaborate efforts in plant virology that support broad models for virus outbreaks,spillovers, genetics, reliance on “vectors” and human trade for spread, as well as themaintenance of viruses in “reservoir” hosts. In closing, we thank all of the authors for theirenlightening contributions to this Special Issue.Author Contributions: Both authors contributed equally to this work. All authors have read andagreed to the published version of the manuscript.Viruses 2021, 13, 55 3 of 3Funding: This work was supported by a grant from NSF (IOS #1759034).Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.References1. Jones, R.A.C.; Naidu, R.A. Global Dimensions of Plant Virus Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Annu. Rev. Virol.2019, 6, 387–409. [CrossRef] [PubMed]2. García-Arenal, F.; Zerbini, F.M. Life on the Edge: Geminiviruses at the Interface Between Crops and Wild Plant Hosts. Annu. Rev.Virol. 2019, 6, 411–433. [CrossRef] [PubMed]3. Rojas, M.J.; Macedo, M.A.; Maliano, M.R.; Soto-Aguilar, M.; Souza, J.O.; Briddon, R.W.; Kenyon, L.; Bustamante, R.F.R.; Zerbini,F.M.; Adkins, S.; et al. World Management of Geminiviruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2018, 56, 637–677. [CrossRef] [PubMed]4. Ranawaka, B.; Hayashi, S.; Waterhouse, P.M.; De Felippes, F.F. Homo Sapiens: The Superspreader of Plant Viral Diseases. Viruses2020, 12, 1462. [CrossRef] [PubMed]5. Jones, R.A.C. Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Intro-duced Crops. Viruses 2020, 12, 1388. [CrossRef] [PubMed]6. Boisen, M.; Hartnett, J.; Goba, A.; Vandi, M.; Grant, D.; Schieffelin, J.; Garry, R.F.; Branco, L.M. Epidemiology and Management ofthe 2013–16 West African Ebola Outbreak. Annu. Rev. Virol. 2016, 3, 147–171. [CrossRef] [PubMed]7. Amaya, M.; Broder, C.C. Vaccines to Emerging Viruses: Nipah and Hendra. Annu. Rev. Virol. 2020, 7, 447–473. [CrossRef][PubMed]8. Torrance, L.; Talianksy, M.E. Potato Virus Y Emergence and Evolution from the Andes of South America to Become a MajorDestructive Pathogen of Potato and Other Solanaceous Crops Worldwide. Viruses 2020, 12, 1430. [CrossRef] [PubMed]9. Herath, V.; Romay, G.; Urrutia, C.D.; Verchot, J. Family Level Phylogenies Reveal Relationships of Plant Viruses within the Or-derBunyavirales. Viruses 2020, 12, 1010. [CrossRef] [PubMed]10. Pinheiro-Lima, B.; Carvalho, R.D.C.P.; Alves-Freitas, D.M.T.; Kitajima, E.W.; Vidal, A.H.; Lacorte, C.; Godinho, M.T.; Fontenele,R.S.; Faria, J.C.; Abreu, E.F.; et al. Transmission of the Bean-Associated Cytorhabdovirus by the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1.Viruses 2020, 12, 1028. [CrossRef] [PubMed]11. Schoeny, A.; Rimbaud, L.; Gognalons, P.; Girardot, G.; Millot, P.; Nozeran, K.; Wipf-Scheibel, C.; Lecoq, H. Can Winged AphidAbundance Be a Predictor of Cucurbit Aphid-Borne Yellows Virus Epidemics in Melon Crop? Viruses 2020, 12, 911. [CrossRef][PubMed]12. Weiland, J.J.; Sharma Poudel, R.; Flobinus, A.; Cook, D.E.; Secor, G.A.; Bolton, M.D. RNAseq Analysis of Rhizomania-InfectedSugar Beet Provides the First Genome Sequence of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus from the USA and Identifies a NovelAl-phanecrovirus and Putative Satellite Viruses. Viruses 2020, 12, 626. [CrossRef] [PubMed]13. Moodley, V.; Gubba, A.; Mafongoya, P. Emergence and Full Genome Analysis of Tomato Torrado Virus in South Africa. Viruses2020, 12, 1167. [CrossRef] [PubMed]14. Wieczorek, P.; Budziszewska, M.; Frąckowiak, P.; Obrępalska-Stęplowska, A. Development of a New Tomato Torrado Virus-BasedVector Tagged with GFP for Monitoring Virus Movement in Plants. Viruses 2020, 12, 1195. [CrossRef] [PubMed]15. Leblanc, Z.; Waterhouse, P.; Bally, J. Plant-Based Vaccines: The Way Ahead? Viruses 2020, 13, 5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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