This thesis deals with the use of a mirror test to determine the cognitive abilities of animals. An overview is given of the mirror test for cetaceans, primates and proboscideans. The conclusion states the appropriateness of applying this test to the biology of the species

Adam Glaser (3813562)

Daniel Stark (1311024)

Daniel Yeomanson (3813565)

Lesley Fairley (408434)

Linda Evans (3813574)

Richard Feltbower (3430778)

Sally Kinsey (3813568)

Susan Picton (3813571)

Figure S1. Kaplan Meier survival plots by level of treatment at PTC and diagnostic group (TIF 1737 kb

FigShare

Additional file 4: of Access to principal treatment centres and survival rates for children and young people with cancer in Yorkshire, UK

Table S3. Patient case-mix by diagnostic subgroup for bone tumours and soft tissue sarcomas(DOCX 19.5 kb

Additional file 3: of Access to principal treatment centres and survival rates for children and young people with cancer in Yorkshire, UK

Fairley, L.

Stark, D.P.

Yeomanson, D.

Kinsey, S.E.

Glaser, A.W.

Picton, S.V.

Evans, L.

Feltbower, R.G.

White Rose Research Online

Access to principal treatment centres and survival rates for children and young people with cancer in Yorkshire, UK

Background: Principal Treatment Centres (PTC) were established to provide age-appropriate care as well as clinical expertise for children and young people with cancer. However, little is known about the effects of specialist treatment centres on survival outcomes especially for teenagers and young adults. This population-based study aimed to describe access to PTC and the associated trends in survival for 0–24 year olds accounting for stage of disease at presentation and treatment. Methods: Patients diagnosed from 1998–2009 aged 0–24 years were extracted from the Yorkshire Specialist Register of Cancer in Children and Young People, including information on all treating hospitals, followed-up until 31st December 2014. The six commonest cancer types were included: leukaemia (n = 684), lymphoma (n = 558), CNS tumours (n = 547), germ cell tumours (n = 364), soft tissue sarcomas (n = 171) and bone tumours (n = 163). Treatment was categorised into three groups: ‘all’, ‘some’ or ‘no’ treatment received at a PTC. Treatment at PTC was examined by diagnostic group and patient characteristics. Overall survival was modelled using Cox regression adjusting for case-mix including stage, treatment and other socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: Overall 72% of patients received all their treatment at PTC whilst 13% had no treatment at PTC. This differed by diagnostic group and age at diagnosis. Leukaemia patients who received no treatment at PTC had an increased risk of death which was partially explained by differences in patient case-mix (adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.73 (95%CI 0.98–3.04)). Soft tissue sarcoma patients who had some or no treatment at PTC had better survival outcomes, which remained after adjustment for patient case-mix (adjusted HR = 0.48 (95%CI 0.23–0.99)). There were no significant differences in outcomes for other diagnostic groups (lymphoma, CNS tumours, bone tumours and germ cell tumours). For leukaemia patients survival outcomes for low risk patients receiving no treatment at PTC were similar to high risk patients who received all treatment at PTC, implying a benefit for care at the PTC. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that for leukaemia patients receiving treatment at a PTC is associated with improved survival that may compensate for a poorer prognosis presentation. However, further information on risk factors is needed for all diagnostic groups in order to fully account for differences in patient case-mix

Fairley, L

Stark, DP

Yeomanson, D

Kinsey, SE

Glaser, AW

Picton, SV

Evans, L

Feltbower, RG

Access to Principal Treatment Centres and survival rates for children and young people with cancer in Yorkshire, UK

Table S2. Patient case-mix by diagnostic subgroup for leukaemia, lymphoma, CNS tumours and germ cell tumours (DOCX 23 kb

Additional file 2: of Access to principal treatment centres and survival rates for children and young people with cancer in Yorkshire, UK

PINTOVÁ, Radka

National Repository of Grey Literature