Khalid, Kamarul Ariffin

Nather, Aziz

Vikram, David

English

The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository

BONE GRAFTS AND BONE SUBSTITUTES Basic Science and Clinical Applications  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.This page is intentionally left blank Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.^ ^sPfe ^ 1111 H p BONE GRAFTS AND BONE SUBSTITUTES Basic Science and Clinical Applications Edited by Aziz Nather National University of Singapore, Singapore \JP World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHE  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. BONE GRAFTS AND BONE SUBSTITUTES Basic Science and Clinical Applications Copyright © 2005 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 981-256-089-0 Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers (S) Pte Ltd  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.Contents Preface ix Introduction xi A Nather Contributors xiii SECTION I: BASIC SCIENCE OF BONE Chapter 1 Structure of Bone 3 A Nather, HJC Ong and Z Aziz Chapter 2 Fracture Healing 19 A Nather, MCB Feng and ZAziz Chapter 3 An Introduction to Biomechanics of Bone 31 B P Pereira and A Thambyah SECTION II: AUTOGRAFTS Chapter 4 Autogenous Bone Grafting in Orthopaedic Surgery 59 KL Pan and S Ibrahim Chapter 5 Vascularised Pedicular Bone Grafts 71 PB Chacha Chapter 6 Vascularised Autograft: Basic Sciences and 95 Clinical Applications YK Rang and YG Chung Chapter 7 Healing of Large, Non-Vascularised, Cortical Autologus Bone Transplants: An Experimental Study in Adult Cats 119 A Nather v  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.vi • Contents SECTION III: ALLOGRAFTS Chapter 8 Role of Bone Allografts in Orthopaedic Surgery 139 A Nather and Z Aziz Chapter 9 Setting Up a Tissue Bank 155 A Nather and LH Wang Chapter 10 Quality Control Issues in Tissue Banking 173 NHilmy Chapter 11 Is the Irradiation Dose of 25 kGy Enough to Sterilise Tissue Grafts? 189 N Yusof Chapter 12 Diploma Course Training of Tissue Bank Operators: 7 Years of Experience 213 A Nather, WY Teo and LH Wang Chapter 13 Healing of Large Diaphyseal Deep-Frozen Cortical Allografts 227 A Nather Chapter 14 Bone Allotransplantation: Future Directions 243 SM Kumta, PC Leung and LK Fu SECTION IV: GENOMICS Chapter 15 The Human Genome 257 5 Aziz, BC Lin and A Nather Chapter 16 Genomics in Orthopaedics 269 A Nather, S Aziz and F Kagda Chapter 17 Gene Therapy and New Bone Formation 277 LHC Tsai, SYENeo and A Nather SECTION V: BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING Chapter 18 Stem Cell Technology and its Commercial Potential 297 S Rauffand RE Oakley  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.Contents • vii Chapter 19 Setting Up a Tissue Engineering Laboratory 313 A Nather, CW Lee and ZQ Tang Chapter 20 Culturing Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Bone Marrow 321 A Nather, S Das De and CW Lee Chapter 21 Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential for Tissue Regeneration 335 J Rosocha, G Vasko, G Varga and D Harvanovd Chapter 22 Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering 357 A Nather and S Aziz Chapter 23 Carriers of Mesenchymal Cells 367 A Nather and V David SECTION VI: GROWTH FACTORS Chapter 24 The Role of Bone Morphogenic Proteins in Bone Incorporation 379 A Nather and A Dutton Chapter 25 Platelet-Rich Plasma in Orthopaedic Surgery: Basic Science and Clinical Applications 387 S Das De, R Manohara and A Nather Chapter 26 Applications of Autogenous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Gel to Enhance Bone Formation 405 C-J Yim SECTION VII: CERAMICS Chapter 27 The Need for New Materials for Use in Bone in Man 431 PA Revell, E Damien Chapter 28 Role of Ceramics as Bone Graft Substitutes 445 V David, A Nather and KA Khalid Chapter 29 Enhancement of the Bioactivity of Orthopaedic Biomaterials: Role of Growth Factors, Ion Substitution and Implant Architecture 459 E Damien and PA Revell  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.viii • Contents Chapter 30 Fabrication of Granular Hydroxyapatite 489 F Fazan Chapter 31 Role of Corals and Coralline Ceramics in Orthopaedic Surgery 501 V David, A Nather and KA Khalid Chapter 32 Biomedical Use of Corals and Coralline Hydroxyapatite in Hard Tissue Replacement 513 E Damien and PA Revell Chapter 33 Coral as Bone Graft Substitute 533 SA Hamid, AR Samsudin, R Salim and N Omar SECTION VIII: PROSTHESES Chapter 34 Rapid Prototyping in Orthopaedics: Principles and Applications 547 / Abdullah and AY Hassan Chapter 35 Custom Mega Prosthesis for Bone Reconstruction in Orthopaedic Surgery 563 MV Natarajan, M Paraskumar and G Rajkumar Index 591  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.Preface This book discusses Bone Grafting using autografts from non-vascularised grafts to pedicled ones and free vascularised bone grafts and the various options to bone grafting ie. the use of bone substitutes. The latter ranges from Allografts, Genomics in Orthopaedic Practice with particular reference to Bone Formation, Tissue Engineering including all 3 elements of the triad — Cells, Scaffolds and Signalling Molecules to Ceramics and Prostheses. The section of Ceramics include some results from the ten million ringgit Multi-Centre Research Project in Malaysia namely the fabrication of Malaysian Hydroxyapatite and the development of Malaysian Coral. This book is useful to clinicians and clinician scientists in the field of Orthopaedics, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillo-Facial Surgery who are commonly presented with the clinical problem of recon-structing large bone defects. It is also useful to research scientists namely tissue engineers and biomedical engineers pursuing the field of research on bone substitutes in the field of allograft transplantation, genomics of bone, bone tissue engineering and the development of new generation bioceramics and new prostheses. Associate Professor Aziz Nather IX  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.This page is intentionally left blank Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.Introduction A Nather Bone Grafting is one of the commonest operations performed in Ortho-paedics. Its indications include non-union, delayed union, packing bone cysts and cavities, elevating depressed articular fractures and reconstruction of large bone defects. Autografting from the iliac crest is the gold standard. However, due to limitations as to amount, size and shape of the graft that could be procured as well as associated donor site morbidity, bone substi-tutes have become extremely important and useful for Orthopaedic Surgery, Plastic Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Section I first addresses the Basic Science of Bone including the struc-ture of bone and the biomechanics of bone and the repair process that occurs in fracture healing. Autografts are discussed in detail in Section II including the method of performing autogenous bone grafting and its diverse clinical applica-tions.The ipsilateral pedicled bone graft and also the free vascularised bone graft are covered in detail. The healing of large non-vascularised cortical bone transplants is also described. Section ni deals with a common bone substitute — Allografts. Allo-grafts have served this function very well for the last 5 decades. A useful chapter especially for Universities who have not set up a tissue bank is the chapter on "Setting Up a Tissue Bank" which serves as a useful guide to all wishing to establish a new bone banking facility. Issues of quality con-trol for allografts, value of gamma irradiation to sterilize the bone grafts and the training of tissue bank operators are addressed in detail. Biology xi  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.xii • Introduction and biomechanics of healing of cortical allografts and the future of bone allotransplantation is also described. Section IV introduces the field of Genomics and discusses the use of Genomics in Orthopaedic Practice with particular reference to bone formation. Bone Tissue Engineering is covered in depth in Section V including methodology for culturing Mesenchymal Stem Cells, types of scaffolds used and types of carriers employed for transplantation of cells. In Section VI the third element of the Tissue Engineering Triad is addressed, namely signalling Molecules or Growth Factors. The role of BMPs and PRP are discussed. Section VII covers Ceramics. Its scope ranges from the need of new biomaterials to the role of Hydroxyapatite, Coral and Coralline Ceramics as bone substitutes. The fabrication of the Malaysian Hydroxyapatite and the Malaysian Coral recently developed are also described. Finally, this book on Bone Graft Substitutes would not be complete without discussing one other option, namely Prostheses. Rapid prototyp-ing techniques and the use of Custom MegaProstheses are described in Section VIII.  Bone Grafts And Bone Substitutes Downloaded from www.worldscientific.comby INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC on 10/03/13. For personal use only.

Role of ceramics as bone graft substitutes

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Role of ceramics as bone graft substitutes

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