Coppola, P.

Nuzzolo, A.

Papa, E.

WestminsterResearch

WestminsterResearchhttp://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch Activity location and mobility costsNuzzolo, A., Coppola, P. and Papa, E. This is an electronic version of a paper presented at XIX Convegno annuale seminario scientifico Società Italiana Docenti di Trasporto, Padova, 18-19 October 2012 .The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners.Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: ((http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/).In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail repository@westminster.ac.uk??? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 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????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?? ? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ????? ???????????????????????????????????????ACTIVITY LOCATION AND MOBILITY COSTS  Agostino Nuzzolo Dept. of Enterprise Engineering - University of Rome “Tor Vergata” E-mail: nuzzolo@ing.uniroma2.itPierluigi Coppola Dept. of Enterprise Engineering - University of Rome “Tor Vergata” E-mail: coppola@ing.uniroma2.itEnrica Papa Dept. of Enterprise Engineering - University of Rome “Tor Vergata” E-mail: enpapa@unina.it1 INTRODUCTION The paper fits into the general themes of land use - transport planning (Nuzzolo and Coppola, 2008a and 2008b) and accessibility (Geurs and van Wee 2004) in urban areas. It's widely recognized in academia the need for integration between mobility and land use policies in accordance with the objectives of environmental sustainability and quality of life in urban areas (Nuzzolo and Coppola, 2007; te Brömmelstroet and Bertolini, 2011). Furthermore, in recent years travel behaviours are changing in urban areas due to the increase in oil prices, the recession of Western economies, the resulting lack of financial resources for public transport subsidies. For this reasons, technicians and scientists are trying to find solutions in the short and long term to make existing transport system more efficient. In this sense the search for integrated solutions including systems engineering, transport and urban planning is a priority not only in the scientific debate but also in the operative field. Despite an extensive literature on the land use-transport interaction has been produced, simple tools for land - use transport integrated planning are not as much used; in particular tools that can support the choices of location of new activities in the definition of urban or regional plans are not widely applied (Hull et al. 2012). According to this premise, the goal of the work is to develop a tool to support the choices of activities location, which is based on accessibility and transport costs indicators. Assuming that one of the goal of integrated land use – transport planning is the minimization of  generalized transportation costs (Nuzzolo and Coppola, 2010), in compliance with the objectives of environmental sustainability and quality of life, the tool computes the “access cost” of activities, providing an estimation in monetary terms of the advantages and disadvantages of locating an activity in a particular zone of the urban area; the tool provides 2also thematic GIS maps of territorial activity access cost, which identify the areas where access costs of located activity are lower. The article is structured into three parts. The first part offers an overview of the literature on land use - transport planning, accessibility, and  activity access cost, while the second part describes the methodology for estimating access cost to activities; in the third part we propose an application of the methodology to the metropolitan area of Rome and some conclusion remarks. 2 METHODOLOGY: ESTIMATING THE ACTIVITY ACCESS COST  The methodology for estimating the “access cost” to activities starts from the consideration that an activity entails itself a mobility cost in relation to the trips it generates. These trips are related to the commuting of the activity’s workers (work trips) and to the flows of users attracted by this activity; for example, a shop attracts trips for purchase purpose. To calculate these costs, the activity demand flows to the zone in question, for various available transportation modes, the flows on the network arcs and its related times and travel costs (transport costs for users) can be estimated through a transportation system model (Cascetta, 2009). The flows on the network links allow also an estimation of the transport external costs, which constitute an important component of the access cost, connected to: – Environmental pollution – Noise pollution – Energy consumption – Road accidents. There are other cost components which are related to the management costs of the transportation system, such as maintenance (and construction) of  infrastructures or public transport subsidies; these costs are typically funded by transport agencies and  local administrations. The sum of the three cost components described (transport costs for users, external costs for the community and costs for agencies and administrations) of a zone in a given sector (for example shopping) provide the average access cost to that activity. The access cost will be different for each activity category (shopping, education, services, etc..) because each activity attracts specific trips flows, from different origin zones and with different  modal share.  Several types of cost indicators can be calculated, as for example the marginal activity access cost, considering just a single new employee located in the zone and constant the distribution of other activities and the supply of transport services and infrastructure, independently to the location of a new employee in the area. Dividing by the number of employees of an area in a given sector, the average access cost (cost per employee) to the activity of that sector is obtained. The "access cost" allows the analysis and identification of some critical issues related to the activities locations in the study area and can provide useful information to guide the land use planning process.  2.1 The application in the metropolitan area of Rome The article proposes the application of the methodology to the metropolitan area of Rome, estimating the access cost to new development areas (centralities) located in different suburban areas, as defined by the new Master Plan of Rome with the aim of decongesting the central area and of creating new functional centers. The measure of the access cost for new activities in “centralities” areas is useful to validate or not the location choices proposed by the Master Plan, from an access cost point of view.  3 CONCLUSIONS The work provides a useful tool to assess the location choices of new activities, estimating the access cost to urban functions using the existing transport supply. This indicator, which is proportional to the spatial impedance to reach an activity and that takes into account the different cost components (internal and external costs), provides a useful indicator for identifying the best location of a new activity in the study area, to which correspond a suitable access cost. The application illustrates the usefulness of the tool for land use –transport planning processes. REFERENCES Cascetta E. (2009) Transportation Systems Analysis: Models and Applications, Springer Geurs K.T., van Wee B. (2004) Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions Journal of Transport Geography 12 (2004) 127–140 Hull A., Papa E., Silva C., Joutsiniemi A. (2012) Discussion on accessibility instruments in Hull A., Silva C., Bertolini L. Accessibility Instruments for Planning Practice © COST Office Nuzzolo A, Coppola P. (2010). Pianificazione dei Trasporti. Paper written for the Italian Encyclopedia of the New Millennium: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani. XXI secolo - L'Universo fisico. p. 545-556 © Treccani, Roma Nuzzolo A., Coppola P (2008a). Infrastrutture di trasporto e assetto territoriale nell'area metropolitana di Roma. In: Marescotti L. E Mussone L. Grandi infrastrutture per la mobilità di trasporto e sistemi metropolitani: Milano, Roma e Napoli. p. 29-53, MILANO: Libreria Clup, ISBN/ISSN: 9 788870 909579 4Nuzzolo A., Coppola P (2008b). Livelli di pianificazione integrata trasporti-territorio per uno sviluppo sostenibile delle città del XXI secolo, I trasporti nella città del XXI secolo: scenari per l'innovazione. Venezia, Novembre 2007, ROMA: Aracne,  Nuzzolo A., Coppola P (2007). Regional accessibility and socioeconomic activities location: from empirical evidences towards a modelling framework. WCTR Proceedings. Berkeley, Giugno 2007, Berkley, CA te Brömmelstroet M.,  L. Bertolini (2011). A transition towards sustainable strategy making: integrating land use and transport knowledge types. In J.A.E.E. van Nunen, P. Huijbregts & P. Rietveld (Eds.), Transitions towards sustainable mobility: new solutions and approaches for sustainable transport systems pp. 19-40. Berlin: Springer. te Brömmelstroet M. Bertolini L. (2010) Integrating land use and transport knowledge in strategy-making Transportation 37, pp.85–104 

Activity location and mobility costs

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Activity location and mobility costs

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