Key messages:• Schemes in which general traffic lanes are re-allocated to alternative uses can be expected to reduce traffic volumes, improve journey times for the modes given additional priority (e.g. bicycles or buses), increase the use of non-car modes and reduce casualty numbers.• However, little credible evidence was identified on the monetized costs and benefits of road space re-allocation schemes. This may be a result of such schemes often forming part of a wider package of measures which are then appraised as a whole.• Journey times for general traffic (cars, vans etc.) may increase, although in some cases road space reallocation has not led to the anticipated increases in congestion. Therefore, it is possible to remove road space and improve conditions for users of other modes and the public realm without worsening conditions for general traffic.• Accordingly, modelling exercises of road space reallocation under different scenarios indicate that benefit-cost ratios for road space re-allocation schemes are likely to be positive in cases where the benefits of increased perso
