Abstract:
There are three different arguments about the issuc of peasant impoverishment in the Principalities areas during the nineteenth cent 4y and early of this century. Firstly, the cash crop cultivation carried out in Vorstenlanden tended to impoverish the peasant who involved in the cultivation. Secondly, the implementation of the traditional agrarian system as represented by apanagesystem is the most considerable factor, which had to be blamed for the peasant poverty. Thirdly, several kinds of maltreatment practiced by the rural elite has made peasant live in suffer. In the 1870s, European society in the Principalities disrupted by the issues of people rebellion. In the same time, the increasing of the criminality in this area became a strong reason for the European society to request security guarantee from the government that would make them running their business safely. In 1888 Brooshoofs, carried out an investigation into this problem. He concluded that the only reason that could make this issue come into reality is the impoverishment of the society in the principality area. The people impoverishment in this area according to Brooshoofs caused by five main reasons, namelyunhealthy culture, agricultural crisis, opium, security and the Chinese. Brooshoofs did not specify what he meant about "unhealthy culture", but it seems that it refers to the implementation of the traditional agrarian system as represented in the apanage-system.\u27
Keywords:
Surorejo, Kartosudiro, Beke
