Bubbles in Planetary Nebulae and Clusters of Galaxies: Jet Properties

Abstract

I derive constraints on jet properties for inflating pairs of bubbles in planetary nebulae and clusters of galaxies. This work is motivated by the similarity in morphology and some non-dimensional quantities between X-ray-deficient bubbles in clusters of galaxies and the optical-deficient bubbles in planetary nebulae, which was pointed out in an earlier work. In the present paper I find that for inflating fat bubbles, the opening angle of the jets must be large, i.e., the half opening angle measured from the symemtry axis of the jets should typically be larger than 40 degrees. Narrow jets will form elongated lobes rather than fat bubbles. I emphasize the need to include jets with large opening angle in simulating bubble inflation in both planetary nebulae and (cooling flow) clusters of galaxies.Comment: submitted to AA; a second in a series of 3 paper