70-74The most dominant species that has successful settlement on the panel system was observed is Amphibalanusamphitrite. Adults were cultured in the laboratory for releasing nauplii and were reared under laboratory conditions and used in settlement assay. The results of this study indicated that the Barnacle Amphibalanusamphitriteis the most common biofouling organism present on all the three types of materials used in the experiment, in the coastal region of Visakhapatnam harbor

Neelima, K.

Sandeep, B. V.

English

243-247The most dominant species that has successful settlement on the panel system was observed to be Amphibalanus amphitrite. Adults were cultured in the laboratory for releasing nauplii and were reared under laboratory conditions and used in settlement assay. The results of this study indicated that the Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite is the most common biofouling organism present on all the three types of materials used in the experiment, in the coastal region of Visakhapatnam harbor

Sandeep, B.V.

NOPR

Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 48 (02), February 2019, pp. 243-247       Isolation, culturing and larval rearing of adult barnacles — A universal biofouler from Visakhapatnam coast on artificial panel system. K. Neelima1* & B.V. Sandeep 1Department of Biotechnology, Andhra University, College of Science & Technology, Visakhapatnam, India. *[E-mail: neelimakatikithala@gmail.com] Received 10 August 2017; revised 09 January 2018 The most dominant species that has successful settlement on the panel system was observed to be Amphibalanus amphitrite. Adults were cultured in the laboratory for releasing nauplii and were reared under laboratory conditions and used in settlement assay. The results of this study indicated that the Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite is the most common biofouling organism present on all the three types of materials used in the experiment, in the coastal region of Visakhapatnam harbor. [Keywords: Biofouling, Barnacles, Nauplii, Cypris, Artificial panel (W=wood, I=iron, C=concrete) system]. Introduction The term ‘fouling’ (or ‘biofouling’) refers to the colonization of a substrate by an opportunistic organism (or multiple species of colonizing organisms), and has been extensively studied and qualified by numerous researchers 1,2,3,4.  Previous research has identified discrete stages in the substrate colonization process, with the initial stages of fouling occurring almost instantaneously on contact with the (typically) marine aquatic environment3,4. The rapid formation of this initial biological ‘film’ over a surface is often quickly followed by colonization by larger, more conspicuous and persistent organisms5,3,4. Fouling of ship hulls and niche areas represents a significant cost for the maritime industry. Higher maintenance costs, increased fuel requirements due to greater levels of hull drag, lost productivity due to more frequent dry-docking for removal of fouling organisms, and the cost of compliance with environmental regulations create a significant burden for maritime operators, whether private or public6,7,4. It is well known that marine fouling organisms often cause technical and economic problems by settling on artificial surfaces submerged in seawaters8 . Amongst macrofouling organisms, balanoid (“acorn”) barnacles are major target organisms for antifouling technology. While many barnacles such  as Balanus balanoides (=Semibalanus balanoides) reproduce only once per year9, other barnacles, such as Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin, reproduces as frequently as once per week10. In the present study, three different materials were used as substrates to isolate barnacles from Visakhapatnam coastal area; the main goal is to identify which is an important marine fouling organism that often causes technical and economic problems by settling on artificial surfaces submerged in seawaters in coastal waters of Visakhapatnam harbor.   Materials and Methods Visakhapatnam harbour is located at 17°41′825″N to 17°42′313″N and 83°16′881″E to 83°19′793″E, along the east coast of India. It consists of an inner harbor and an outer harbor. There are 24 berths and 4 moorings to accommodate 28 ships at a time. Visakhapatnam harbor, a semi-enclosed water body is one of the largest and busiest ports of India along the east coast of India. Since the beginning of 1950s, many large scale basic and other major industries were set up by the government and the private sector in its vicinity. The harbor is land-locked and this has resulted in limited natural flushing processes enhancing pollution stress on the harbor11, 12. (Fig. 1). Wood Iron Concrete (WIC) panel system of size (15x15) cm was placed in water tied with nylon threads along the berths of Visakhapatnam Harbor. After three months, the WIC panels were collected in sterile polythene covers and brought to laboratory for further investigations. The artificial iron panels were INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 48, NO. 02, FEBRUARY 2018   244washed with sterile physiological saline to remove vegetative cells and the panel system is cleaned with brush to removed unwanted flora and the panel system is placed in 20 l drum with aerated sea water for further analysis. Artemia nauplii and algae Chaetoceros gracilis were used as substitute feed for the brood stock of Balanus amphitrite. Laboratory temperature was maintained at 23±1˚C instead of 25˚C and raw  sea water of salinity ranging between 30-33‰  was used instead of 5‰. Artemia cysts were kept in a “V”- shaped container (inverted bottle) along with seawater filtered through glass microfiber filter paper (GF/C, 1μm) and provided with vigorous aeration keeping in mind that no cyst should settle down.  Adults of barnacle Balanus amphitrite were collected from the field by using Artificial panel system (WIC) plates. WIC plates (15x15 cm) immersed at Fishing harbor Visakhapatnam, tying with thread at mid tide zone. During the immersion period (February-April), the plates were observed every week to check the growth of fouler. After  three months of exposure period, plates with adult  B. amphitrite were brought to the laboratory and washed with fresh water to clean the debris.  Dead shells and barnacles under stress with loose operculum were scraped out13. Culture of adult barnacles was carried out by following methods  of 14, 15. Collected healthy barnacles were maintained as brood stock in a 20 l drum with aerated sea water and on a mixed diet of Artemia salina naupli  (200 individuals/barnacle/day) and Chaetoceros gracilis (2x105 cells/ml). The laboratory temperature was maintained at 28±1˚C. Culture water was renewed every day. The brood stocks were subjected to regular exposure to air to stimulate the release of nauplii. Excluding one side, remaining all the sides of culture tank was covered with black cloth. Once hatched, the larvae were attracted to the uncovered side by using a point light source. The aggregated larvae were collected by using pasteur pipette and transferred to  1 l culture beaker with filtered seawater (GF/C, 1μm). Black tape was stickered to the outside of the larvae culture beaker at the water level to prevent the positively phototactic nauplii to concentrate at the meniscus. The larval density was maintained as  2 larvae/ml of filtered sea water and on a diet of Chaetoceros gacilis with a cell concentration of  2 x 105 cells/ml15. Laboratory temperature was maintained at 23±1oC. Cyprids were collected on  5th -6th day and used in settlement assay.  Results and Discussion Two species of adult barnacle from Visakhapatnam harbor were identified to species level, namely Balanus balanus, Balanus amphitrite on test panels, all the three materials showed fouling activity. Wooden panel showed maximum fouling activity compared to the iron and the concrete panels. (Fig. 3) The adult barnacles were identified to species level based on their morphology and served as the adult reference collection for subsequent comparison. Temperature, salinity and pH of the sampling site were recorded as 31oC, 35 ppt and 7.8 respectively. The same hydrographic parameters were maintained in the laboratory during the larval rearing.  Visakhapatnam sea coast has a natural harbor of high activity and is unexplored in the study of biofouling (macrofouling). Hence there is need to study the locally associated biofouling organisms so that this could become the reference in future research. Intensive field work was carried out to generate continuous data on biofouling and their settlement pattern. It contributed substantially to the fouling information at Visakhapatnam harbor, one of the busiest harbor along the east coast of India. In view of increasing naval activities, the environmental status is changing rapidly and in fact, this is affecting species diversity endemic to the harbor. The study   Fig. 1 — Map of sampling location at Visakhapatnam Harbor,India. Sampling was carried out in April 2016 at site indicatedwith arrow mark.  NEELIMA & SANDEEP: ISOLATION CULTUTRING AND LARVAL REARING OF ADULT BARNACLES   245was undertaken to collect information on changes in species richness and its occurrence in relation to the type of panels used (wood, iron and concrete). (Fig. 2) In recent years, barnacles have come under detailed investigation because of the following reasons: i) they usually dominate a fouling community, irrespective of the geographical region and season, ii) they secure permanent attachment on many kinds of substrata, and iii) their larval stage, the Cypris, possesses the remarkable capacity to settle under different environments such as in fast-moving waters, coastal waters, offshore areas, backwaters and polluted ports16. In order to develop a successful antifouling system, an accurate knowledge of the organisms involved and the processes that control their settlement are required. The observations showed that the species Amphitrite were evenly distributed on all the three substrates provided as test panels, it is evident that barnacles are the major fouling organisms settling on the hard surfaces throughout the world (Fig. 3). Temporal and spatial fluctuations in the recruitment of barnacles and also other fouling organisms on various substrata have been studied over the decades14,17,18,19. The populations of marine invertebrates in a given area are mainly controlled by the availability of larvae in the water column20,19 .The lifecycle of barnacles consists of six planktonic naupliar stages and a pre-settling cyprid stage. Temperature and nutritional conditions are the  major factors reported to affect the breeding  and molting processes in barnacles21. The adult barnacle species identified in this study belong  to the genera, namely Amphibalanus, which is commonly found in tropical and subtropical mangrove habitats22, 23,24,25,26. This current study is the first report of identification of the fouling barnacle species in Visakhapatnam region. Amphibalanus amphitrite (=Balanus amphitrite) is used as a model organism for ecological studies27,10,28,29,30 and antifouling assays31,32,33,34 due to its worldwide distribution and year-round breeding activity.  Cyprid attachment and metamorphosis on hard surfaces play a key role in the barnacle life cycle  and determine the distribution and abundance of marine habitats35. Hence, the larvae are reared  in the laboratory conditions to study the antifouling settlement assay. Several studies were conducted  on the reproduction, larval development and metamorphosis of A. amphitrite in the seas worldwide21,36,37,38,13 .  Fig. 2 — (a) WIC panel system (b) Wooden panel (c) Concretepanel and (d) Iron panel before immersion into sea water, eachpanel is measuring 15 cm.     Fig. 3 — (a) WIC panel immersed in sea water (b) Barnacles present on wooden panel (c) Concrete panel (d) Iron panel after 3 months.    Fig. 4 — (a) Collected healthy barnacles were maintained asbrood stock in a 20 l drum with aerated sea water and on a mixeddiet of Artemia salina naupli.  INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 48, NO. 02, FEBRUARY 2018   246Conclusion Visakhapatnam sea coast is a natural harbor of high activity and is unexplored in the study of biofouling activity. Barnacles are a type of arthropod belonging to the infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea, two different species namely Balanus amphitrite and Balanus balanus were isolated from the artificial panel system and proved that the barnacles are the universal biofoulers and to study the antifouling settlement assay, the larvae of the Barnacles are reared exclusively in the laboratory for further study.  Acknowledgement The author acknowledges the Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship UGC, India for the financial support and is thankful to Principal AUCST for constant support and providing adequate laboratory facilities in the department to carry out the research work.   Reference 1 Abarzua, S. & Jakubowski, S. (1995). ‘Biotechnological Investigation for the Prevention of Fouling'. I. Biological and Biochemical Principles for the Prevention of Fouling’, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol.123, pp. 301-312. 2 Callow, M.E. & Callow, J.A. (2002). ‘Marine Fouling: A Sticky Problem’, Biologist, Vol.49 (1), pp. 1-5  3 Wahl, M. (1989). ‘Marine Epibiosis. I. Fouling and Antifouling: Some Basic Aspects’, Marine Ecology  Progress Series, Vol.58, pp. 175-189  4 Yebra, D.M., Kiil, S. & Dam-Johansen. (2004). ‘Antifouling Technology – Past, Present and Future Steps Towards Efficient and Environmentally Antifouling Coatings’, Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol.50, pp. 75-104. 5 Anderson, C., Atlar, M., Callow, M., Candries, M., Milne, A. & Townsin, R.L. (2003) ‘The Development of Foul-Release Coatings for Seagoing Vessels’, Journal of Marine  Design and Operations, Technical Proceedings of the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology, Part B4, December. pp. 11-23. 6 Callow, M.E. & Callow, J.A. (2003). ‘Some New Insights into Marine Fouling’, World Super Yacht, Issue 1, pp. 34-39. 7 Statz, A., Finlay, J., Dalsin, J., Callow, M., Callow, J.A. & Messersmith, P.B. (2006). ‘Algal Antifouling and Fouling-Release Properties of Metal Surfaces Coated with a Polymer Inspired by Marine Mussels’, Biofouling, Vol.22 (6), 391-39. 8 Richmond, M.D.; Seed, R. A review of marine macrofouling communities with special reference to animal fouling. Biofouling (1991). 2: 151-168. 9 Crisp D.J, Spencer C.P. (1958). The control of the hatching process in barnacles. Proc R Soc Lond B 149: 278-299. 10 Holm E R (1990). Effects of density-dependent mortality on the relationship between recruitment and larval settlement. Mar Ecol Prpgr Ser 60: 141-146. 11 Raman A.V. (1995). Pollution effects in Visakhapatnam harbour, India: an overview of 23 years of investigations and monitoring Helgolander Meeresunters. 49, 633-645.  12 G. Sravan kumar et al., (2014). Isolation and identification  of bacteria from marine biofilm on the artificial plat  forms (iron panels) from Visakhapatnam coast, India.  IJMS Vol.43 (6), 955-959 13 Desai, D.V. Anil, A.C. & Venkat, K. (2006). Reproduction  in Balanus Amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia: Thoracica): influence of temperature and food concentration. Mar. Biol. 149: 1431-1441. 14 Qiu, J.W. & Qian, P.Y. (1997). Effects of food availability, larval source and culture method on larval development of Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin: implications for experimental design. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 217: 47-61. 15 Desai, A. Krathen, R. Orengo, I. and Medrano, E. E. (2006). The age of skin cancers. Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ. pe13. 16 Finelli, C. M and Wethey, D.S. (1999). Settlement in balanomorph barnacle: The interaction of physics and settlement cues. In Barnacles: The biofoulers (Thompson. M. F and Nagabushanam, R., eds). Regency Publications, New Delhi, India, pp. 275-292.  17 Satheesh, S. & Wesley, S.G. (2008). Seasonal variability  in recruitment of macrofouling community in Kudankulam waters, east coast of India. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.  79: 518-524.  18 Tapia, F.J. & Navarrete, S.A. (2010). Spatial patterns of barnacle settlement in central Chile: Persistence at daily to inter-annual scales relative to the spatial signature of physical variability J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 392: 151–159. Doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.04.031. 19 Yakovis, E.L. Artemieva, A.V. Fokin, M.V. Varfolomeeva, M.A. & Shunatova, N.N. (2013). Synchronous annual recruitment variation in barnacles and ascidians in the  White Sea shallow subtidal 1999–2010. Hydrobiologia 706:69–79. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-012-1340-5 20 Thorson, G. (1950). Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 25:1-45. 21 Anil, A.C. & Kurian, J. (1996). Influence of food concentration, temperature and salinity on the larval development of Balanus amphitrite. Mar. Biol. 127: 115-124. 22 Rainbow PS, Green J & Denny P (1989). A note on the intertidal ecology of two little known barnacles, Balanus kondakovi Tarasov & Zavina, 1957, and Balanus patelliformis Bruguière, 1789 from a Malaysian mangrove swamp (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha). Crustaceana, 57(1): 104-107. 23 Prabowo RE & Yamaguchi T (2005). A new mangrove barnacle of the genus Fistulobalanus (Cirripedia: Amphibalaninae) from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85(4): 929-936. 24 Crona B. I, Holmgren S & Rönnbäck P (2006). Re-establishment of epibiotic communities in reforested mangroves of Gazi Bay, Kenya. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 14(6): 527-538. 25 Marques-Silva N S, Beasley C R, Gomes C P, Gardunho D C L, Tagliaro C H, Schories D & Mehlig U (2006). Settlement dynamics of the encrusting epibenthic macrofauna in two creeks of the Caete mangrove estuary (North Brazil). Wetlands Ecology and Management, 14(1): 67-78. 26 Li SW & Chan BKK (2008). Adaptations to barnacle fouling in the mangroves Kandelia obovata and Aegiceras corniculatum. Marine Biology, 155(3): 263-271. NEELIMA & SANDEEP: ISOLATION CULTUTRING AND LARVAL REARING OF ADULT BARNACLES   24727 Clare, A. S. Freet, R.K. & Mc Clary, Jr., M. (1994). On the antennular secretion of the cyprid of Balanus amphitrite, and its role as a settlement pheromone. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 74: 243-250. 28 Khandeparker, L. Anil, A.C. & Raghukumar, S. (2002). Factors regulating the production of different inducers  in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with reference to larval metamorphosis in Balanus amphitrite. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 28: 37-54. 29 Leslie, H.M. Breck, E.N. Chan, F. Lubchenco, J. &  Menge, B.A. (2005). Barnacle reproductive hotspots  linked to nearshore ocean conditions. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 10534-10539. 30 Wong, K.W.K. Lane, A.C. Leung, P.T.Y. & Thiyagarajan, V. (2011). Response of larval barnacle proteome to CO2-driven seawater acidification. Comp. Biochem. Phys. D 6: 310-321.  31 Rittschof, D. Clare, A.S. Gerhart, D.J. Mary, A. & Bonaventura, J. (1992). Barnacle in vitro assays for biologically active substances: Toxicity and Settlement inhibition assays using mass cultured Balanus amphitrite Amphitrite Darwin. Biofouling.6: 115-122. 32 Hirota, H. Tomono, Y. & Fusetani, N. (1996).Terpenoids with Antifouling Activity against Barnacle Larvae from the Marine Sponge Acanthella cavernosa. Tetrahedron. 57: 2359-2368. 33 Hellio, C. Marechal, J.P. Véron, B. Bremer, G. Clare, A.S. & Le Gal Y. (2004). Seasonal Variation of Antifouling Activities of Marine Algae from the Brittany Coast (France). Mar. Biotechnol. 6: 67-82.  34 Marechal, J.-P. & Hellio, C. (2011) Antifouling activity against barnacle cypris larvae: Do target species matter (Amphibalanus amphitrite versus Semibalanus balanoides?. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 65: 92-101.  35 Underwood, A.J. & Fairweather, P.G. (1989). Supply-side ecology and benthic marine assemblages. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4:16-20.  36 Satuito, C.G. Shimizu, K. Natoyama, K. Yamazaki, M. & Fusetani, N. (1996). Age-related settlement success by cyprids of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, with special reference to consumption of cyprid storage protein. Mar. Biol. 127: 125-130. 37 Thiyagarajan, V. Harder, T. & Qian, P-Y. (2002). Effect of the physiological condition of cyprids and laboratory-mimicked seasonal conditions on the metamorphic successes of Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia; Thoracica).  J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 274: 65-74.  38 Thiyagarajan, V. Hung, O.S. Chiu, J.M.Y. Wu, R.S.S. & Qian, P.Y. (2005). Growth and survival of juvenile barnacle Balanus amphitrite: interactive effects of cyprid energy reserve and habitat. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 299: 229-237.   

Isolation, culturing and larval rearing of adult barnacles — A universal biofouler from Visakhapatnam coast on artificial panel system.

Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 48 (01), January 2019, pp. 70-74       Isolation, culturing and larval rearing of adult Barnacles - a Universal biofouler from Visakhapatnam coast on Artificial Panel (WIC) System. K. Neelima*& B. V. Sandeep 1Department of Biotechnology, Andhra University, College of Science & Technology, Visakhapatnam, India. *[E.Mail:neelimakatikithala@gmail.com] Received 10 August 2017; revised 09 January 2018 The most dominant species that has successful settlement on the panel system was observed is Amphibalanusamphitrite. Adults were cultured in the laboratory for releasing nauplii and were reared under laboratory conditions and used in settlement assay. The results of this study indicated that the Barnacle Amphibalanusamphitriteis the most common biofouling organism present on all the three types of materials used in the experiment, in the coastal region of Visakhapatnam harbor. [Keywords Biofouling, barnacles, nauplii, cypris, artificial panel (W = wood, I = iron, C = concrete) system]. Introduction The term ‘fouling’ (or ‘biofouling’) refers to the colonization of a substrate by an opportunistic organism (or multiple species of colonizing organisms), and has been extensively studied and qualified by numerous researchers 1,2,3,4.  Previous research has identified discrete stages in the substrate colonization process, with the initial stages of fouling occurring almost instantaneously on contact with the (typically) marine aquatic environment3,4. The rapid formation of this initial biological ‘film’ over a surface is often quickly followed by colonization by larger, more conspicuous and persistent organisms5, 3, 4. Fouling of ship hulls and niche areas represents a significant cost for the maritime industry. Higher maintenance costs, increased fuel requirements due to greater levels of hull drag, lost productivity due to more frequent dry-docking for removal of fouling organisms, and the cost of compliance with environmental regulations create a significant burden for maritime operators, whether private or public6,7,4. It is well known that marine fouling organisms often cause technical and economic problems by settling on artificial surfaces submerged in seawaters8 . Amongst macrofouling organisms, balanoid (“acorn”) barnacles are major target organisms  for antifouling technology. While many barnacles such as Balanusbalanoides (= Semibalanusbalanoides) reproduce only once per year9, other barnacles, such as Balanusamphitriteamphitrite Darwin, reproduces as frequently as once per week10. In the present study, three different materials were used as substrates to isolate barnacles from Visakhapatnam coastal area; the main goal is to identify which is an important marine fouling organism that often causes technical and economic problems by settling on artificial surfaces submerged in seawaters in coastal waters of Visakhapatnam harbor.   Materials and Methods Visakhapatnam harbour is located at 17°41′825″N to 17°42′313″N and 83°16′881″E to 83°19′793″E, along the east coast of India. It consists of an inner harbor and an outer harbor. There are 24 berths and 4 moorings to accommodate 28 ships at a time. Visakhapatnam harbor, a semi-enclosed water body is one of the largest and busiest ports of India along the east coast of India. Since the beginning of 1950s, many large scale basic and other major industries were set up by the government and the private sector in its vicinity. The harbor is land-locked and this has resulted in limited natural flushing processes enhancing pollution stress on the harbor11, 12. (Fig. 1.) Wood Iron Concrete (WIC) panel system of size (15x15) cm was placed in water tied with nylon threads along the berths of Visakhapatnam Harbor. After 3 months, the WIC panels were collected in sterile polythene covers and brought to laboratory for further investigations. The artificial iron panels were NEELIMA & SANDEEP: A UNIVERSAL BIOFOULER FROM VISHKHAPATNAM COAST   71 washed with sterile physiological saline to remove vegetative cells and the panel system is cleaned with brush to removed unwanted flora and the panel system is placed in 20 l drum with aerated sea water for further analysis. Artemianauplii and algae Chaetocerosgracilis  were used as substitute feed for the brood stock of Balanusamphitrite. Laboratory temperature was maintained at 23±1°C instead of 25°C and raw sea waterof salinity ranging between 30-33‰ was used instead of 5‰. Artemiacysts were kept in a  “V”- shaped container (inverted bottle) along with seawater filtered through glass microfiber filter paper (GF/C, 1μm) and provided with vigorous aeration keeping in mind that no cyst should settle down.  Adults of barnacle Balanusamphitrite were collected from the field by using Artificial panel system (WIC) plates. WIC plates (15x15 cm) immersed at Fishing harbor Visakhapatnam, tying with thread at mid tide zone. During the immersion period (February-April), the plates were observed every week to check the growth of fouler. After three months of exposure period, plates with adult  B. Amphitrite were brought to the laboratory and washed with fresh water to clean the debris. Dead shells and barnacles under stress with loose operculum were scraped out13. Culture of  adult barnacles was carried out by following  methods of 14, 15. Collected healthy barnacles  were maintained as brood stock in a 20 l drum with aerated sea water and on a mixed diet of Artemiasalina naupli (200 individuals/barnacle/day) and Chaetocerosgracilis (2 x 105 cells/ml). The laboratory temperature was maintained at 28±1°C. Culture water was renewed every day. The brood stocks were subjected to regular exposure to air to stimulate the release of nauplii. Excluding one side, remaining all the sides of culture tank was covered with black cloth. Once hatched, the larvae were attracted to the uncovered side by using a point light source. The aggregated larvae were collected by using pasteur pipette and transferred to 1 l culture beaker with filtered seawater (GF/C, 1μm). Black tape was stickered to the outside of the larvae culture beaker at the water level to prevent the positively phototacticnauplii to concentrate at the meniscus. The larval density was maintained as  2 larvae/ml of filtered sea water and on a diet  of Chaetocerosgacilis with a cell concentration of  2 x 105 cells/ml15. Laboratory temperature was maintained at 23±1°C. Cyprids were collected on  5th -6th day and used in settlement assay.  Results and Discussion Two species of adult barnacle from Visakhapatnam harbor were identified to species level, namely Balanusbalanus, Balanusamphitrite on test panels, all the three materials showed fouling activity. Wooden panel showed maximum fouling activity compared to the iron and the concrete panels. (Fig 3)The adult barnacles were identified to species level based on their morphology and served as the adult reference collection for subsequent comparison. Temperature, salinity and pH of the sampling site were recorded as 31°C, 35 ppt and 7.8 respectively. The same hydrographic parameters were maintained in the laboratory during the larval rearing.  Visakhapatnam sea coast has a natural harbor of high activity and is unexplored in the study of biofouling (macrofouling). Hence there is need to study the locally associated biofouling organisms so that this could become the reference in future research. Intensive field work was carried out to generate continuous data on biofouling and their settlement pattern. It contributed substantially to the fouling information at Visakhapatnam harbor, one of the busiest harbor along the east coast of India. In view of increasing naval activities, the environmental status is changing rapidly and in fact, this is affecting species diversity endemic to the harbor. The study was undertaken to collect information on changes in  Fig. 1 — Map of sampling location at Visakhapatnam Harbor,India. Sampling was carried out in April 2016 at site indicatedwith arrow mark.  INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 48, NO. 01, JANUARY 2019   72 species richness and its occurrence in relation to the type of panels used (wood, iron and concrete). (Fig. 2) In recent years, barnacles have come under detailed investigation because of the following reasons: i) they usually dominate a fouling community, irrespective of the geographical region and season, ii) they secure permanent attachment on many kinds of substrata, and iii) their larval stage, the Cypris, possesses the remarkable capacity to settle under different environments such as in fast-moving waters, coastal waters, offshore areas, backwaters and polluted ports16. In order to develop a successful antifouling system, an accurate knowledge of the organisms involved and the processes that control their settlement are required. The observations showed that the species Amphitrite were evenly distributed on all the three substrates provided as test panels, it is evident that barnacles are the major fouling organisms settling on the hard surfaces throughout the world (Fig 3). Temporal and spatial fluctuations in the recruitment of barnacles and also other fouling organisms on various substrata have been studied over the decades14, 17, 18, and 19. The populations of marine invertebrates in a given area are mainly controlled by the availability of larvae in the water column20, 19 .The lifecycle of barnacles consists of six planktonic naupliar stages and a pre-settling cyprid stage. Temperature and nutritional conditions are the major factors reported to affect the breeding and molting processes in barnacles21. The adult barnacle species identified in this study belong to the genera, namely Amphibalanus, which is commonly found in tropical and subtropical mangrove habitats 22, 23,24,25,26. This current study is the first report of identification of the fouling barnacle species in Visakhapatnam region. Amphibalanus amphitrite (=Balanus amphitrite) is used as a model organism for ecological studies 27,10,28,29,30 and antifouling assays 31,32,33,34 due to its worldwide distribution and year-round breeding activity.  Cyprid attachment and metamorphosis on hard surfaces play a key role in the barnacle life cycle and determine the distribution and abundance of marine habitats35.Hence, the larvae are reared in the laboratory conditions to study the antifouling settlement assay. Several studies were conducted on the reproduction, larval development and metamorphosis of A. Amphitrite in the seas worldwide21,36,37,38,13 .  Fig. 2 — (a) WIC Panel System (b) Wooden panel (c) Concrete paneland (d) Iron panel before immersion into sea water, each panel ismeasuring 15 cm.     Fig. 3 — (a) WIC panel immersed in sea water (b) barnacles presenton wooden panel (c) Concrete panel (d) iron panel after 3 months.   Fig. 4 — (a) Collected healthy barnacles were maintained asbrood stock in a 20 l drum with aerated sea water and on a mixeddiet of Artemiasalina naupli.  NEELIMA & SANDEEP: A UNIVERSAL BIOFOULER FROM VISHKHAPATNAM COAST   73 Conclusion Visakhapatnam sea coast is a natural harbor of high activity and is unexplored in the study of biofouling activity. Barnacles are a type of arthropod belonging to the infraclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea, two different species namely Balanus amphitrite and Balanusbalanus were isolated from the artificial panel system and proved that the barnacles are the universal biofoulers and to study the antifouling settlement assay, the larvae of the Barnacles are reared exclusively in the laboratory for further study.  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Isolation, culturing and larval rearing of adult Barnacles - a Universal biofouler from Visakhapatnam coast on Artificial Panel (WIC) System.

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Isolation, culturing and larval rearing of adult Barnacles - a Universal biofouler from Visakhapatnam coast on Artificial Panel (WIC) System.

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