The aim of this research is building algorithms to study projectile motion in tow dimension  and tracking the object in sequence frames of digital image . Computer program has written in visual basic language (version 6) depend on mathematical models to detect a motion of object in two–dimensions (2-D)with different initial conditions like initial velocity, the height of object from the earth and the angle of motion, to calculate important variables in motion such as distance, displacement, velocity, speed and the energy (kinetic and potential). Color digital images of type (bmp) and (RGB) color model were used in the study for easy handling them, after determining the center of the image on the x-axis, and y-axis and tracking movement on the basis of the center, and the results were expected to conform to the movement of the body. Key words: Projectile, Motion, Digital Image

Cartechini E.

Castellucci M.

Di Bella P.

Lorenzi T.

Marzioni D.

Morroni M.

Pianese L.

Ragno M.

Scarpelli M.

English

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is caused by NOTCH3 gene mutations that result in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) degeneration. Its distinctive feature by electron microscopy (EM) is granular osmiophilic material (GOM) detected in VSMC indentations and/or the extracellular space close to VSMCs. Reports of the sensitivity of EM in detecting GOM in biopsies from CADASIL patients are contradictory. We present data from 32 patients clinically suspected to have CADASIL and discuss the role of EM in its diagnosis in this retrospective study.Skin, skeletal muscle, kidney and pericardial biopsies were examined by EM; the NOTCH3 gene was screened for mutations. Skin and muscle biopsies from 12 patients without neurological symptoms served as controls.All GOM-positive patients exhibited NOTCH3 mutations and vice versa. This study i) confirms that EM is highly specific and sensitive for CADASIL diagnosis; ii) extends our knowledge of GOM distribution in tissues where it has never been described, e.g. pericardium; iii) documents a novel NOTCH3 mutation in exon 3; and iv) shows that EM analysis is critical to highlight the need for comprehensive NOTCH3 analysis. Our findings also confirm the genetic heterogeneity of CADASIL in a small Italian subpopulation and emphasize the difficulties in designing algorithms for molecular diagnosis

Morroni Manrico

Marzioni Daniela

Ragno Michele

Di Bella Paolo

Cartechini Elisabetta

Pianese Luigi

Lorenzi Teresa

Castellucci Mario

Scarpelli Marina

Public Library of Science (PLOS)

Role of Electron Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Cadasil Syndrome: A Study of 32 Patients

Background and Purpose. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is caused by NOTCH3 gene mutations that result in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) degeneration. Its distinctive feature by electron microscopy (EM) is granular osmiophilic material (GOM) detected in VSMC indentations and/or the extracellular space close to VSMCs. Reports of the sensitivity of EM in detecting GOM in biopsies from CADASIL patients are contradictory. We present data from 32 patients clinically suspected to have CADASIL and discuss the role of EM in its diagnosis in this retrospective study.
Methods. Skin, skeletal muscle, kidney and pericardial biopsies were examined by EM; the NOTCH3 gene was screened for mutations. Skin and muscle biopsies from 12 patients without neurological symptoms served as controls. 
Results and Discussion. All GOM-positive patients exhibited NOTCH3 mutations and vice versa. This study i) confirms that EM is highly specific and sensitive for CADASIL diagnosis; ii) extends our knowledge of GOM distribution in tissues where it has never been described, e.g. pericardium; iii) documents a novel NOTCH3 mutation in exon 3; and iv) shows that EM analysis is critical to highlight the need for comprehensive NOTCH3 analysis. Our findings also confirm the genetic heterogeneity of CADASIL in a small Italian subpopulation and emphasize the difficulties in designing algorithms for molecular diagnosis

MORRONI, MANRICO

MARZIONI, Daniela

CASTELLUCCI, Mario

SCARPELLI, Marina

IRIS UniversitÃ  Politecnica delle Marche

Role of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of CADASIL syndrome: a study of 32 patients

Jaber, Ghaidaa A.Hafedh

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.32, 2014          80  Study Projectile Motion With Different Initial Conditions Using Digital Image  Ghaidaa A.Hafedh Jaber University of Babylon / Science College / Physics Department /P.O.BOX4. Iraq gaidahafid@yahoo.com Abstract: The aim of this research is building algorithms to study projectile motion in tow dimension  and tracking the object in sequence frames of digital image . Computer program has written in visual basic language (version 6) depend on mathematical models to detect a motion of object in two–dimensions (2-D)with different initial conditions like initial velocity, the height of object from the earth and the angle of motion, to calculate important variables in motion such as distance, displacement, velocity, speed and the energy (kinetic and potential). Color digital images of type (bmp) and (RGB) color model were used in the study for easy handling them, after determining the center of the image on the x-axis, and y-axis and tracking movement on the basis of the center, and the results were expected to conform to the movement of the body. Key words: Projectile, Motion, Digital Images  Introduction: The human Interested  in nature since time immemorial, the movement of celestial bodies was a matter of curiosity and admiration for him and tried, still, uncover the secrets of nature, from the largest celestial bodies and the end of the smallest components of the atom and the nucleus. Human attention to these phenomena not only for curiosity and wonder, but also to take advantage of them and put them to his service in various ways. The study of the movement of objects and move the spine in the body of physics because it describes how and why objects move and how you can take advantage of this movement[1]. We recognize that motion represents a continuous change in the position of an object. In physics we are concerned with three types of motion: translational, rotational, and vibrational. A car moving down a highway is an example of translational motion, the Earth’s spin on its axis is an example of rotational motion, and the back-and-forth movement of a pendulum is an example of vibrational motion[2]. In this research, we are concerned only with translational motion. In our study of translational motion, we describe the moving object as a particle regardless of its size.  It is important to recognize that various changes can occur when a particle accelerates. First, the magnitude of the velocity vector (the speed) may change with time as in straight-line (one-dimensional) motion. Second, the direction of the velocity vector may change with time even if its magnitude (speed) remains constant, as in curved-path (two-dimensional) motion. Finally, both the magnitude and the direction of the velocity vector may change simultaneously[3]. The motion in two dimensions like the motion of projectiles and satellites and the motion of charged particles in electric fields.  Here we shall treat the motion in plane with constant acceleration.  Motion in Two Dimensions The real world is three-dimensional, so why do we bother with two-dimensional motion? First, two-dimensional motion is easier to describe, easier to deal with mathematically, and easier to sketch on a piece of flat paper. This makes two-dimensional motion a good place for introducing concepts that are peculiar to motion in more than one dimension. Second, many objects actually do exhibit motion in a plane, motion  that needs only two dimensions for its complete description. Any motion under constant acceleration can always be described in terms of just two dimensions. Even if the acceleration is not constant, many objects still move in a plane[4].    The Equations of the Projectiles: Anyone who has observed a baseball in motion (or, for that matter, any other object thrown into the air) has observed projectile motion. The ball moves in a curved path, and its motion is simple to analyze as: (1) the free-fall acceleration g is constant over the range of motion and is directed downward and (2) the effect of air resistance is negligible. Let us choose our reference frame such that the y direction is vertical and positive is upward. The projectile leaves the origin  with speed Vo, and the vector Vo makes an angle ( ) with the horizontal[2,5]. From the definitions of the cosine and sine functions we have: Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.32, 2014          81                              (1)   and  are the horizontal and the vertical component of initial velocity respectively. First, two elementary formulae are called upon relating to projectile motion:                                                               (2)                                                                     (3)         and        =  = constant                  (4)                                                                 (5) Where x and y are the position of projectile in x and y coordinate at any time t.  is total velocity of projectile at any position.  g the gravitational acceleration( 9.81 m/s2) near the Earth's surface and be negative for falling object.  Second the time of flight (t) is the time it takes for the projectile to finish its trajectory[6].                                               (6)                               (7) d  the total horizontal distance traveled by the projectile. y0 the initial height of the projectile. Now we will allow (y0) to be nonzero. Our equations of motion (3) are now[1]:                                                           (8) The Energy: the kinetic energy (KE) of a particle of mass (m) moving with a velocity ( ) is defined as[7]: 221totmVKE =                                                                        (9) There is gravitational potential energy stored in the system. The product of the magnitude of the gravitational force (mg) acting on an object and the height (y) of the object. The symbol for gravitational potential energy is (PE), and so the defining equation is [7]: mgyPE =                                                                          (10)                                                             Then when the projectile has different velocities with time, that mean we can calculate the momentum (Mon) of it as[1]: Mon = m                                                                            (11) The Digital Images: The human realizes what turned him from viewers from eye as receive images of optical power distributed in a particular order, and these images are called photographs of which is their information in the electrical signals transmitted to the brain, and when dealing with computer must be converted to digital form and this is the process of digitization in each of the coordinate space (x, y). The division of the image called image sampling while the digitization of wideband called quantization [8,9].  Finding the center of an object will help us to locate an object in the two-dimensional image plane. We can compute the center of an object by using the following equation[10,11]: Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.32, 2014          82                       2maxmin XXCx+=    and    2maxmin YYCy+=              (12)                                        Algorithm of the study: Start algorithm  1. load the image and determine the center of it using equation(12). 2. Determine the initial conditions (Vo, h, m,  ). 3. Determine max number of motion steps  and determine step length depending on d and t from equations 6 and 7. 4. Calculate x, y,  ,  from equations 2, 3, 4, 5 respectively. 5. Determine 1st center of object point in image plane. 6. Remove all object points from the image plane. 7. Loop for k=0 To max number  step some number, then determine the motion in x-direction, and y-direction using equations 8. These equations are at least varying with k-value to determine the new center of the object location using equation 12. 8. Save the result. Then remove the object again from the image . 9. calculate: KE, PE, and Mon from equations 9, 10 and 11 respectively.  10. End for.  End algorithm The results and discussion: We can use the previous algorithm in the study by changing the value of  to get the results of projectile with different values of . Table 1 is the sample of projectile motion applying this algorithm with  , and figure 1 represent the projectile motion using algorithm 1 for different values of  . The horizontal component of velocity Vx will be constant at any point of the path of projectile, therefore , KE, and Mon all of them depend on   . From table 1, we can see that   will be decrease until reaching to zero in maximum point (Hmax) because the projectile stopped. The kinetic energy and the momentum decrease with decreasing of  until be zero approximately at Hmax, but the potential energy will be increase because depending on the vertical distance y. Because of the gravity the projectile downward with negative value of velocity, so  will be increase in value until the body hit earth and KE, Mon increase with it, but decreasing of PE because decreasing of y. When we use another value of angle like  as shown in table 2, the projectile will behave as in table 1, but beginning with negative velocity because the body falling under the reference coordinate. When the angle increase the horizontal distance x will be decrease and inversely. Figure 1 represent the projectile motion with many angles ( th= ), we can see from the figure that when the angle increase the Hmax increase and vertical distance y, but increasing of horizontal distance x and table 3 is the summary of table 1 and 2. In table 3 we see that if the projectile project from big angle, the total distance d, maximum height Hmax and tatal time t will be increase, but when the angle is negative, these quantities are decreasing, there is notes that the component of velocity connected with  too as equation 1. Figure 2 represent the images of one motion of the projectile with some initial conditions as referred to in figure and the object chose arbitrary. The previous algorithm can be used with different initial velocities and constant of another variables, the data in  table 4, that mean we can control the projectile from changing with initial angle or speed, this is clear in figure 3 and the images of this case in figure 4. We can also change in height or the mass of the object. Conclusions: This study very important to known the shape that the projectile will be taken, and all the parameters we need:     1.  Calculation the total velocity of the body in the study with the components, the kinetic, the momentum and the potential energy, which were very important in study moving object in nature. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.32, 2014          83  2.  When the angle of trajectory increase the total distance, vertical component of velocity, total time and maximum height reached will be increase and via. 3.  We can change initial conditions according to the study, and what we need from the study. 4.  The images in the study can be uniform shape or not, whoever we can determine the center and study them. References: 1. Jearl Walker, 2007. Fundamentals of Physics, 8th edition, Hallidy Resnick.  2. Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, 2004. Physics for Scientists and Engineers , 6th edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole.  3. Bill W. Tillery, 2007. Physical Science, 7th edition, Mc Graw Hill, Higher  Education.  4. H. T. Hudson and Ray G. Van Ausdal, 2002. Two Dimensional Motion, Project Physnet Physics Bldg. Michigan State University East Lansing, MI.  5. R.D. Mehta and J.M. Pallis, 2001. The aerodynamics of a tennis ball, Sports Engineering, 4, 177-189. 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory_of_a_projectile.  7. Paul Peter Urone, 2001. Gollege Physics, 2nd edition, Thomson Learning, Inc..  8. Al Bovik, 2000. Hand Book of Image Video Processing, Academic Press, Elsevier.  9. Gonzalez R.C., Woods R.E. and S.L. Eddins, 2004. Digital image processing using MATLAB, Prentice Hall.  10. Xu Jiping et. al., 2010. Moving Target Detection and Tracking in FLIR Image Sequences Based on Thermal Target Modeling, IEEE, International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation.  11. Musa Kadhum and Ghaidaa Abdul-Hafidh, 2013. Object Motion Simulation According to Physical Equations in one Dimension , Journal of Babylon University/ Pure and Applied Science, No. (5), Vol (21), pp (1519-1525).  Table 1: projectile motion with yo=100, Vo=10, m=0.2,  Mon PE KE Vtot Vyf Y X Cy Cx No. frames 1.8191 197.728 8.273 9.095 8.928 100.88 0.163 124 27 1 1.46 200.675 5.325 7.298 7.088 102.385 0.489 125 33 2 1.1055 202.944 3.056 5.528 5.248 103.543 0.815 127 39 3 0.77 204.54 1.463 3.83 3.41 104.356 1.141 127 45 4 0.468 205.453 0.55 2.34 1.568 104.822 1.467 128 50 5 0.352 205.69 0.31 1.758 -0.272 104.944 1.793 128 56 6 0.55 205.252 0.7477 2.734 -2.1123 104.721 2.1193 128 62 7 0.863 204.136 1.864 4.317 -3.99 104.15 2.445 127 68 8 1.209 202.343 3.657 6.047 -5.793 103.236 2.77 126 74 9 1.566 199.873 6.127 7.83 -7.63 101.976 3.097 125 80 10 1.926 196.725 9.275 9.630 -9.473 100.37 3.423 123 86 11 2.289 192.9 13.0991 11.445 -11.313 98.419 3.75 121 92 12 2.654 188.4 17.6 13.267 -13.153 96.122 4.076 119 97 13 3.0186 183.22 22.78 15.093 -14.993 93.5 4.4 116 103 14 3.385 177.364 28.636 16.922 -16.833 90.492 4.728 113 109 15 3.75 170.83 35.17 18.754 -18.673 87.158 5.054 110 115 16 4.117 163.62 42.38 20.587 -20.513 83.48 5.38 106 121 17 4.484 155.732 50.268 22.42 -22.353 79.455 5.706 102 127 18  Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.32, 2014          84  Table 2: projectile motion with yo=100, Vo=10, m=0.2,  Mon PE KE Vtot Vyf Y X Cy Cx No. frames 2.1 195.07 11.939 10.4545 -7.7 99.53 0.454 123 27 1 2.186 194.06 11.94 10.93 -8.33 99.011 0.91 122 35 2 2.283 192.97 13.027 11.413 -8.96 98.456 1.362 121 43 3 2.383 191.8 14.194 11.914 -9.59 97.86 1.816 121 52 4 2.4852 190.6 15.44 12.43 -10.218 97.224 2.27 120 60 5 2.589 189.234 16.77 12.95 -10.85 96.55 2.725 120 68 6 2.697 187.83 18.17 13.48 -11.48 95.83 3.1788 119 76 7 2.8 186.344 19.66 14.02 -12.11 95.074 3.63 118 84 8 2.91 184.78 21.219 14.567 -12.74 94.3 4.087 117 92 9 3.024 183.138 22.862 15.12 -13.365 93.44 4.54 116 101 10 3.136 181.417 24.6 15.679 -13.994 92.56 4.995 116 109 11 3.249 179.615 26.385 16.243 -14.623 91.641 5.449 115 117 12 3.362 177.735 28.265 16.812 -15.253 90.68 5.9 114 125 13 3.477 175.776 30.225 17.385 -15.8822 89.68 6.358 113 133 14 3.59 173.737 32.263 17.962 -16.512 88.64 6.812 112 141 15 3.71 171.62 34.38 18.45 -17.141 87.561 7.266 111 150 16 3.83 169.422 36.44 19.126 -17.77 86.44 7.72 109 158 17 3.94 167.145 38.855 19.7 -18.4 85.278 8.174 108 166 18  Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.32, 2014          85              Figure 1: Projectile motion with yo= 100, Vo= 10, m= 0.2 and different angles (th= ).  Table 3: Projectile motion for different angles h=100      m=0.2       Vo=10 t y d Vy Vx  3.7195 100 18.5973 -8.66 5 -60 3.853 100 27.26 -7.071 7.071 -45 4.51754 100 45.1754 0 10 0 5.36635 102.994 34.49421 7.6604 6.428 50 5.633 104.95 9.78 9.85 7.365 80  Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.32, 2014          86        Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.32, 2014          87   Table 4: Projectile motion for different initial velocities                            Figure 3: Projectile motion with yo= 100,  = 70, m= 0.2 and different Vo.  =70     h=100      m=0.2 t h d Voy Vox Vo 5.02234 101.126 8.5887 4.698 1.71 5 5.238 102.208 12.54132 6.578 2.394 7 5.4622 103.649 16.814 8.457 3.0781 9 Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.32, 2014          88   