Beneficiation test  work  on a Pb-Zn sample from Rampura-Agucha mines was taken up with  a view to (i) explore the possibility of reducing the Zn losses in tailings from the present level of 2.4% to as low as  possible, (ii) assess the reason for low grade Zn and Pb concentrates presently produced in the plant and (iii) evaluate the  reason for very low Pb recovery values. This  paper   highlights the significant role played by Electron Probe  Micro Analyzer (EPMA) in understanding  the  textural  and compositional features of various minerals prior to  the  beneficiation test work and also in suggesting necessary alterations in the process parameters  whilst mineral processing studies are underwa

Gundewar, C S

Rao, N V C

Sutaone, A T

English

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Proceedings of the International Seminar on Mineral Processing Technology - 2006, Chennai, India. pp. 144 - 148. Characterization of Rampura-Agucha Lead-Zinc Ore using Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) in View of Beneficiation N.V.C. Rao, A.T. Sutaone and C.S. Gundewar Ore Dressing Division, Indian Bureau of Mines, MIDC-Hingna Road, Nagpur-440016 Email: codoibm_nly@sancharnetin Abstract Beneficiation test work on a Pb-Zn sample from Rampura-Agucha mines was taken up with a view to (i) explore the possibility of reducing the Zn losses in tailings from the present level of 2.4% to as low as possible, (ii) assess the reason for low grade Zn and Pb concentrates presently produced in the plant and (iii) evaluate the reason for very low Pb recovery values. This paper highlights the significant role played by Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) in understanding the textural and compositional features of various minerals prior to the beneficiation test work and also in suggesting necessary alterations in the process parameters whilst mineral processing studies are underway. INTRODUCTION A lead-zinc sample (designated as North ore) from Rampura-Agucha mines, Bhilwara district, Rajasthan, was taken up in the Ore Dressing Division of the Indian Bureau of Mines at Nagpur for beneficiation test work with a view to (i) explore the possibility of reducing the Zn losses in tailings from the present level of 2.4% to as low as possible, (ii) assess the reason for low grade Zn and Pb concentrates presently produced in the plant and (iii) evaluate the reason for very low Pb recovery. This North ore is said to constitute up to 30% of the total Pb-Zn reserves in Rampura-Agucha mines. In this paper, the significant role played by Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) in assessing the above objectives by the way of understanding textural (geometrical) and compositional features of various minerals in the sample prior to the beneficiation test work and also in suggesting necessary alterations in the process parameters whilst mineral processing studies are underway are presented and highlighted. SAMPLE CHARACTERIZATION The as received sample consisted of fines with substantial quantity of hard and compact lumps ranging from 50-75 mm in size. A few lumps were in the size of 100-150 mm. The mineralogy (by the combined microscopic and XRD studies) and chemical analysis of the representative portion of the as received sample is given in Table 1. Sphalerite, galena, pyrite and pyrrhotite constitute main sulphide minerals whereas quartz and graphite are the major gangue minerals in the sample (Table 1). All the Pb and Zn values are attributed to the presence of respective sulphide minerals viz., galena and sphalerite only. ELECTRON PROBE MICRO ANALYZER (EPMA) STUDIES Extensive flotation test work was carried out on this sample to establish and optimize various parameters for flotation in order to reduce the tailing losses to minimum possible extent and improvement of the grade and recovery. The tailing losses in respect of both lead and zinc were found to be quite high in spite of adequate dosages of collector and stages of flotation. Therefore, advanced 144 Proceedings of the International Seminar on Mineral Processing Technology physico-chemical characterization studies of the original sample and various ore dressing products were carried out by an Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) of CAMECA SX100 model, recently installed in our laboratory, to find out the reason. Table 1: Approximate Mineral Distribution and Chemical Analysis of as Received Sample Mineral Apprx % Element/oxide Assay % Sulphides Pb 2.81 Sphalerite 25 Zn 14.64 Pyrite 6-7 Cu Traces Pyrrhotite 4 S (Total) 12.30 Galena 2-3 Fe 8.98 Marcasite <1 SiO, 34.79 L011ingite Traces A1203  9.59 Arsenopyrite Traces CaO 0.92 Tetrahedrite Traces MgO 8.43 Carbonates Gr. C 4.11 Calcite 1-2 Smithsonite Traces Trace Elements ppm Cerussite Traces Ag 93 Dolomite Traces Mn 817 Oxides/Hydroxides Ni 145 Goethite/limonite <1 Co 64 Rutile Traces As 495 Magnetite Traces Cd 465 Silicates & Other gangue Quartz 25-30 Mica: Muscovite Biotite 8-10 5-7 Graphite 4-5 Clay ( kaolinite) 3-4 Feldspar 2-3 Amphibole (mostly tremolite) 2-3 Sillimanite, Garnet <1 Chlorite, Pyroxene, Tourmaline, Zircon Traces EPMA technique may be defined as a non-destructive analytical technique with a capacity to reveal rapidly and accurately elemental distribution (qualitative) and concentration (quantitative) on a micrometer (1-2 micron) scale with a sensitivity at level of ppm. This instrument also has high imaging facility with high magnifications of up to more than 50,000 times. Low Grade Zinc Concentrate & Zinc Losses in Tailings EPMA studies reveal that there is a variable Fe replacement in the individual sphalerite grain lattice structure ranging from 6.37-10.81 wt% (Table 2). Correspondingly, the maximum Zn content in the analyzed sphalerites do not exceed 59.61 wt%. Hence, the entire sphalerite in the sample is interpreted to be marmatite. This information was utilized to modify the flotation parameters (especially pH) to obtain two types of zinc concentrates (I and II). and reduction of the Zn tailing losses from 2.4% to 145 Table 2: Chemical Composition (Wt%) of Individual Sphalerite Grains in Various Products of the Sample Elements 1 2 3 S 33.25 33.83 33.70 Mn 0.69 0.22 0.15 Fe 6.37 10.81 10.26 Co 0.00 0.00 0.01 Ni 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cu 	 . 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zn 59.61 55.36 56.56 As 0.00 0.00 0.03 Ag 0.01 0.00 0.03 Cd 0.20 0.19 0.10 Sn 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sb 0.00 0.00 0.00 Au 0.00 0.00 0.01 Hg 0.00 0.03 0.06 Pb 0.16 0.11 0.00 B i 0.09 0.00 0.02 Total 100.40 100.55 101.03 Fig. 1: (Zinc Conc I) Back Scattered Electron (BSE) Image by EPMA of Zinc Concentrate Showing the Overall Free Degree of Liberation of Sulphide Grains (White). Note That the Silicate Gangue (Gray) in the Product is in Minor Proportion Characterization of Rampura-Agucha Lead-Zinc Ore using Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) in ... 1.78% .A good grade zinc (lower degree substitution of zinc by iron) floats at the initial float (zinc concentrate I) and thereafter inferior grade zinc (higher degree substitution of zinc by iron) floats along with pyritic and siliceous/graphitic gangue (zinc concentrate II). Fig. 2: (Zn Conc II) Back Scattered Electron (BSE) Image Showing the Intimate Interlocking/ Association of Most of the Sulphide Grains (White) with the Silicate Gangue (Gray). Note the Increase in Silicate Content Compared to That in Fig. 1 Fig. 3: (Zinc Conc II) Back Scattered Electron (BSE) Image by EPMA of Zinc Concentrate Showing That Extremely Fine Inclusions (5 to 15 Microns) of Sphalerite (White) are Present Within Silicate Grains (Gray) The zinc concentrate I is characterized by low silicate gangue (Fig.1) and also less Fe substitution in sphalerite. It assay 54.15% Zn, 0.87% Pb, 8.48% Fe, 2.66% SiO2 and 1.35 % Gr. C with 59.6% zinc distribution (wt% yield 16.5) and meets the requirement for metallurgy. Apart from higher substitution of zinc by iron in sphalerite mineral, the zinc concentrate II also contains higher siliceous and graphitic impurities, iron sulphides, galena and these occur as finely interlocked phases (Fig. 2) or 146 Proceedings of the International Seminar on Mineral Processing Technology intimately associated with sphalerite (Fig. 3) and thereby diluting the grade. The zinc concentrate II assayed 46.43% Zn, 3.43% Pb, 11.25% Fe, 13.85% SiO2 and 4.13 % Gr. C with 17.6% zinc distribution (wt% yield 5.7) and is of inferior grade. Fig. 4: (Zinc Tails) Back Scattered Electron (BSE) Image Showing the Distribution of Sphalerite (White) (I) Along the Cleavage/Fracture Planes of the Silicate Gangue Minerals (Gray) and (II) Also as Fine to Extremely Fine Inclusions in the Silicate Gangue The composite of zinc concentrate I and II assay 52.17% Zn and 1.64% Pb with overall zinc distribution of 77.2% (wt% yield 22.2). The lower alkaline pH 8.4-8.5 in zinc flotation could help to float higher degree of substituted zinc by iron in sphalerite resulting in reduction of tailing losses to 1.78%. However, clean zinc concentrates of higher grade and recovery could not be achieved due to the complex nature of the sample. EPMA examination of rougher tailings revealed that the distribution of sphalerite along with cleavage/fracture planes of the silicate gangue minerals and also as fine inclusions in the latter (Fig. 4) is responsible for the loss of zinc values. Low Grade Lead Concentrate & Lead Losses in Tailings The best lead concentrate obtained during the process assayed 41.68% Pb, 15.61% Zn, 7.11% Fe, 10.47% SiO2 and 4.02% Gr. C with 41.2% Pb distribution (wt% yield 2.9). Further improvement of its A Fig. 5: (A & B) (Pb Conc) Back Scattered Electron (BSE) Image Showing Fine Interlocking of Galena, Sphalerite and Iron Sulphides (White) with the Silicates at About 15-20 Microns Size 147 Characterization of Rampura-Agucha Lead-Zinc Ore using Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) in ... 	Fig. 6: (Rougher Tails) Back Scattered Electron 	 Fig. 7: (Rougher Tails) Back Scattered Electron 	(BSE) Image Showing Intimate Association of 	 (BSE) Image Showing Distribution of Galena 	Galena (White) As Inclusions in Mica and Other 	 (White) Along the Cleavage Planes of Mica (Gray) Silicate Gangue Minerals (Gray) 	 and As Patchy and Disseminated Inclusions in Other Silicates Viz., Feldspar (Dark Gray) grade could not be possible because of extremely fine interlocking and/ or inclusions of galena with silicates, sphalerite and iron sulphide even at about 15-20 microns size (Fig. 5 A & B). Extremely fine interlocking and/ or inclusions of galena with silicates is the main factor that contributed to the lead loss in tailings (Figs 6 & 7). Other Trace Element Substitutions EPMA studies also reveal that (i) Mn ( up to 0.72%), Cd ( up to 0.36%), Hg (up to 0.26%) and also Ag (up to 0.03%) are the important trace elements substituting in the sphalerite lattice (ii) 1011ingite (FeAsS) is the main carrier of As in the sample and (iii) pyrrhotite in the sample is not strictly "ideal' and shows slight transition to pyrite CONCLUSIONS (i) The lower grade of the zinc concentrate is due to substitution of (a) Fe in place of Zn in sphalerite composition in sizeable amounts and (b) fine association of silicate/graphite and iron sulphides as interlocked phases. (ii) Higher lead losses are due to intimate association of galena as fine inclusions (<25 microns) in mica and other silicates such as feldspar. (iii) The complex nature of the ore (e.g. variable replacement of Fe in sphalerite structure) and textural behaviour of Pb and Zn minerals with silicates and other sulphides (e.g. fine inclusions/interlockings) preclude the production of high grade and clean concentrate with high recoveries. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Sri C.P.Ambesh, Controller General, Indian Bureau of Mines, Nagpur, for constant encouragement and for permission to present this paper. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors only and not necessarily those of the Indian Bureau of Mines. 148 

Characterization of Rampura-Agucha Lead-Zinc Ore using Electron  Probe  Micro  Analyzer  (EPMA)  in  View of Beneficiation

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Characterization of Rampura-Agucha Lead-Zinc Ore using Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) in View of Beneficiation

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