The present study deals with the shear flocculation of quartz in aqueous solutions of dodecylamine. Zetapotential data was correlated with flocculation behavior.It was observed that the particle hydrophobicity and pH were most important since dodecylamine chloride reactions are Ph and concentration dependent

Bhaskar Raju, G

Forsling, Willis

Subrahmanyam, T V

Sun, Z

English

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ikllternational Journal of Mineral Processing, 32 (1991) 283-294ilflsevi~r Sdence Publishers B:~., ~~~~~~~'-c~~--~ ,.~t2t"'--~~~ . ..")jO •• -Shear:;tlocculatiofi of quartz~.G.BhasfuRaju, T.V. Subrahmanyatnl,Z; Sun and Willis ForslingDivision of Inorganic Chemist,;y,~iuled UnivJrSilydjTechnology. S-95187 L~led, SwedenI'h iF: (~eceived February 2011990; aecellted after revision March 1'1, I9~1)i:F::~ii.~l1!- ;;I" ~! i I";j~\ibrmmimylurt,T.V .• su~.z.landfdtslillg, ·w., 1991. Shear-flotcul~tiilll of quartz, IInt.proc~$$.• ~2: 283-'294. Ii ;"i!~tWQrkd~lswith the shear-flocculati~n,of quartzin aqueo\lS$Olbtionsofdodecylamme. varialll~s<~tu1i~d~p.c.l.\l4~p1j, ~0IJ:~J,1t~ti~p o~thell111me" ~iz~:()rt~~,~~;~,1~£i~s,hIl4titrle,'t1ie,zeta\'jb~tiilswer~ 'tc>frelaled With flOc<:Uhitil)i\,belia~ou~:,tt\\liiil o~i~lehYdrophbbiciW artdpH wt~iriost iinportimt since tHeiliOdecY1aininechiorlde-liS are'pH- and oollcentrati6ii-'dependent. ,ide hydrophobicity is a basic criterion for the separation of minerals'~'flbtation process and hy shear-flocculation. The hy~r~phobic aggre-'{drtned by shear~flocculation can be subjected directly to flotation; The&nor coated particles, depending on the mineral-collector system under; Y, usually hold high surface potentials and· hence highdr energies ate re-.led to overcome theellergy bar'rier betweellthesimilarlycharged paI1icIes~~ffect shear-flocculation. The aggregates form by hydrop~ooic interaction~<"detheparticlescollidewith each other: Fornon-sulphide tnineralsa hydro-.~bic reagent (usually a coUectbr) is necessary. For example, in the case of~~l!elitetheaggregates were found to form only in the presence of sodium. ,~(Warren, 1975a,b ). Theremovalofallatase impurity from kaolin-clayusing calcite as a coarse car'rier mineral was explained to be due to theferential adsorption of oleate on to calcite and anatase and noton kaolin-{ehia 'and Somasundaran, 1983). In the car'rier flOtation of wolframite,re collisions between particles take ,place at high shear rates,betterrecov~'.. obtained at pH6'-fwereexplairred to be due to a favourable' reagent' ...l;ptioll and lower electrostatic-repulsion (Hu et al., 1988). In both shear-fi'i::,f~ .: 'i ;;EXPERIMENTt'\L: MATERIALS AND METIj0Ij>S284 I' r'TTI"TClTI rFIT::~'--~-------~--, II: __ lJ __, •.•... .. ".'Jj",t1occ~lation and carrier flot~ti p, the il~re~~ti~n: mechanism, to a larg~ etent,.Is..g.overnecLbyJhe Qart~<::l.lhYclroph~blClma,nd thli charge. A recentrview covers, the '~.'..... HelatefO- she~. '..;occ.ul~*n lPl.'.d ca.rrierflotati.() ..IlJ.n...., .•.•.greater detlUl (SQQrahma;nya4nd Forllsperg, 1~~0).l l . . ,iil~ab~~er~.~::~~.t~~k ~ear~.~~ r:a. :~ ..!;[lf.~~.to'.:i'j..tOol.~:C.1,1y.i~.'m.z~n.~d~:~.'.~.;.:(DDAC1), size of the coarse p~~icles,stiliing sJPe~daPlil time., 'i~IPreparation of quartz samplesThe silica sand· sample obtained from f.,hlselF,Stockholm, was dry gr9~in a steel rod mill apd sieved to separate ditTereIltsize fractions. Tl\-efi",:,erefurt~er su1:?ject~dto microsievin$ ~qsep~r¥e lhe -5 /lmand the)p .size fractlOns -20-1+5, -38+20, -53,+38 and -75+53 Jlrr1were trwith dilute HCtto r~move the impurities and tl~en Washed several time.&!deionized water to Qbtain a cIeap sJ.u:faq:. The' samples tnull. qptajneQ.'.pure wnite in coloui, and under microscope appeared like transparent',crystals of ang,+lar~, sub-angular shilpe., The - 5jlID fraction was onewith a,sedigraphto •etermine thesize,4~striblttiotl of the Particles lI.,:J9found to be 65% - ./lm and 35% 5-10 /lm. . . .The r~age~t 1,1s~d(qf lheflo(;YA!ati9!1J~t~ V\/a~A~decy,lamiJW;Rhl9ri4~.ffesn. ~,11,1lio,Il~;9fd,f"i~e4 (;once!!-trMicw~werejpr~Pared,II\-; deJ.9n~eai ...befonMhe.te~tsr Pil~'t1lJq orN~Oli Wll;~,1,1se(tto.~djll,stth~ pIj.pfsq~~~!Ele.ctr.okinetic meas~;e. ments.Th,:zt;t~ POt!mti~i~ iwere Jnea~u~~d;\'vi.Jh,a.i~~~ 1;~¥e~~~~~Ode\~~ 'f,'known quantity pLi7 ~wn qu~ ~a§'~';ldg~P,t9 :~lfipni~ed ~f~er or;prep .,e4·aqueq¥f sffiWio~ oL494liH'laW' ~p19ri.~~Qf,g~!li(~df.9.Il~e~and~'SRerS<.id In,ul~ra$oijic fOli,l? l!pilll ,l~r fI.~u'fi.~ the lia'.{flw pp. q.injes:;eel iqto tqq ce\ljoftqe zetl\-mti~er fo ~e~§ur~m~nts. If ]",4.Me' 'r(fmefl/ J}de';,.ee 01agg~~ga~i~n "1 • " ! ~ 1 : 'iil;l'i,,' :' ,"_'- ~','-.- ...----- "'-----~-:-;11p~~egree q~a8$fegation waS.Illeasqr~q.bY ijIe ;decreal:\ein tllrbidit>Ls»s~p,.!!i()Jl.A known quantity of fines was t~en 111all aqueous ,medhtdisp~J$~d ill alii· ullrasollic bath after aqitisting the pH. To thissusm:cCl~,~a~i~eslwefe added along witht~e solutiClinof dOdeCYlamine~hif'1'~HEA,~,'.FLOCCULAT(ON OF QUAR:rz 285It pf required concentration and pH. The suspension was later stirred in a baf-\Iled plexiglas container with a paddle type stirrer. The stirring speeds wereS~ried-Jrom-59e-l-500-fl)fll;-'Fhe--tufbidi-ty-ef-sel-utions was measured- b-y---a~~~h_~atj~_ XR Turbidimeter.t$c-anning--eleetrOrr'micrographsf' ,l\lat~~:~::~t:~~~~~~~h~:i:~::;:~:~i~~~:c:~~P~~~~~~~~h~o~~~~1~,"'...., C,',ul,'"a""ted,,quartz sam,Ple was prepared in acetone solution. The aggr,e,gates were~i.:vat:>oratedonto a carbon stub while the suspension was under magnetic;$firring. _ ..~, .':E:. ',~_1'£'JtesuLTs'",k;~/¢ctrokinetic studies on quartzt';.:"\ The effect <ifpH on the zeta potentials of quartz in the absence and pres-~!1l,<eofPDACI is shoWn in Fig. 1. The i.e.p. (isoelectric point) of quartz in-1l¢absence of amini.: is observed at pH 1.8 and is in agreement with earlier)>>Aii.:S(Fui.:rstena~ andFuerstenau, '1982). With increasing pH the negative~fi)~elltial illcreases'. For a DDACl cOIlci.:ntration of 9.02 X 10-5 M, positive'9fentials are observed in the acid range upto pH 3.2'beyond which charge~~vi.:rsal occurs and to negative and once again the particles attain a positive~p~~e at pH 9.6. The changein zeta potential from positive to negative at pH,;~h7was reported to be the iep of the dodecylilmjne precipitate (Laskowski,-'-'>- WITH9.o~" 10" M DOli CI.___ ABSENCE OF DOli CI\(;1 .._ ,'1ii;-zeta potentials of QUl\I1Z as a functiOIl of pH.~;1, -, .1286t +40>& __20...•~ 0•..• 20 4.0 6.0 a. 10.0 ~2.0 14.0~-2fr ~i:ZOHe':'"~RAlI~~_-COA-Ct!l16 (mowrl)~ -40UJN-60Fig. 2. Zeta potentials of Quartzas a functiTof DDACI concentration.(a) ~~~?:GD~:Eil~~~~~~"mol/ii I (b)i~ I,5.54~" •. ",.,."""""",." •••i"",. . . .. '.' .'.-, .9.65ffi ~ g w ~ 369 gSTIRRING TIME (min,) pH OF THE SUSPENSIONFig. 3.(a) Turbidi.tyofsolution as a functionoftimefor different pH's (coarse particle'si-38+20 ttm); (b) Turbidity of solution as arunctian of pH. ' .,.. ,"" . -. ,'. . ' " . "~:~{1988). Figure 2 shows the effect of DDACl concentration on the zeta pot"',tial of quartz. For concentrations below S.s x 10- 5M the surface holds ne'"tive potentialS. .The concentration of -5 p.m quartz particles in suspension. for differ.pH's as a function of stirring time is shoWJi in Fig. 3a. At pH 3.18 the.flo:,lation was found to be negligible. Figure 3b was plotted. by taking the turbi, 'values for 15 min stirring from Fig. 3a and the general trend. in both th~i.ures is that the flocculation reaches a maximum at pH 9.6. A further inc ".of pH rises the turbidity. Figure 4a shows the effect of DDACI concentron flocculation for different stirring times. The maximum-'and mini):.,flocculation correspond to concentrations of2.26,x 10-5 Mand 9.02)(11M,respectiVelyand is in conformity with the dataplottecLinFi~4bfri.:min stirring; The effect of particle size on the concentratiQn offinesiP1!I'H"g,65lRlilhia=500 'pmTIME' 15min.~~~ 450-75.53!! '~~::J:..o-l-53',JAIL ~~I 300::1.U'1"'z'IIJ.20,SIL ~~.-38+20IJ. ~~15 30 '5 60 8~STIRRING TIME. (l1Iinl . 00 25 SO 7SCOARSE PARTIClE SIZE (Ill,a) Effect of particle size on shear-flocculation. (b) Turbidity as a function of coarse"ze,N";'~:::' 3501500' « '"65~§. 300"'U'1I--Z~' .~ ~ .•250u~zU'l8 ~f 20015 30 '560 . I0 5qo~ 1000 1500 2000.STIRRING TIME (minI' . : SlIRR NG SPEED (.rpml. )~f(ei:t of stiriirig speed 00' tlocculatibn(coarsefrticle slze:.:-38+20 jlm). (b)lty asia function of stirring speed. . .~ltJ;!\:,.'L10007505Q0 iI'H.7.0CONC. OF DDA CI = 9.02= 1(f5moll1TIME. 15min.VP~fig, 7~Sfecies<!~gr~ras.a function of pfl, I___~_~__l[_'~~rl _~_pension is shown in Fig. Sa. While therds a generat decreasing trendinth~~~:.v.~~.~.:.~.~.,J.~.··.· ;•.n.i.".:.nt.f.1t:.~..s•~..:.Cc.l.~.' f ::..~.~.J.~.:.*.1~..~.L.~~.·.~~;....':~:::~~r~~.'if5'.:;tA1ih';it.t~::,':;M~~~hw··in suspension increases for stimng ~peeds higher than, SOOrpm.~,~Interactions of quartz __DDACI l~,;'ir:1.The charge 011 the particle may vary in!lccordance with the chemical ell','ronment - pH, reagept COIlceIltr~~iQn,!etS,T1l.e·~h~ng(;ls.inth9~et,a pOleqt\.·of quartz in the pre¢nce of DDACI ([Fig', 1) suggest that thp ll.dsorptigIlamine on quartz is pll.ysical i.e. involvi~~ il,ttraction,between opposite cb".' ~ .,Figure: 7 ~hows ~1l.e4i~tribution of varioU:s speCies of quarti,and POA.~different pH values. : . .When quartz. particles are in eql,lilibrium with the agueous solution t.,different hydroxylat~d sites -SiQlit,-SiOH l1Ild-SiQ~ <:anbe expecte,•pendin~ on the pli. Altvery high a+ qoncelltration, the hydroxylcoverel;lface can adsorb an extra proton to forma substituted surface bydronilml-SiOHt:"'SiOH-t-H~q)9 .••Siq~t. .': ...' ." '....'.' 'ir;,t,a:;:r~~~tx~~;'~;!'t#~~;j~~~t/'f>!Y9; t' :;"SiOH~SiO-+H(+ '. I; . "f!~taq.) , ".)". • . 'Iii-'fc\/mM fD"Si:.bk ~1~~~'MfI '.:1:;:'11"-3 TymM for R-Nlil = lv:fM'. "L' .... ' -N~i;'hallie~in~thezetapotentialsofquartz are:related to the hydroxylalion~msurfaceat different pH values and the interaction of amine species." sitive potentials noticed at pH~3.2 (Fig. 1) can be attributed to the~ complexation of R-NHt on to the neutral-SiOH:+-it-NHf~":SiRNlIt+Fho (3)r: -', : _. -- ,. in the zeta potential to less negative values in the presence of DDACIQrmin ther~ge Qf pH 3.2-6.0. pH 6~Q.-9.6appears to be favourable., geneutrali~tion between SiO- and R-NHt and is dominated by anstatic'interaction:~+R-NHt ~;"SiO- +NH3R (4)1/1: -, ' - -; :"'positive potential observed above a collector concentration of 8.5 X 10-5, eltpected to be due to a further adsorption of R-NHt and amine precip-. ion the quartz surface (Fig. 2). 'reactions of amines in aqueous solutions are given by:1,2:h)~R-Nfl2.!!"I) (5)""+H20~R-NHt +OH- (6)iQ~logcon<::entration-pH diagram for 1X 10-4 M dqdecylatnine" the,"pH for the precipitation of R-NH2(s) species was shown to be 10.2~nau, 1982).f:~,pI (lg~~~Rafionor particle !I~~roph.,qif:ity and charge:. ",~"", '" ",' . "'; ,...!!, ' ,-eaf .•tl~1~liop.,tfsts1helo~qst t).lf,~d~ty, Le. maximum floccula-eq:,l/:tP!(9.~(Fi$' 3a) ~0l't~spond ~oithe point of zero charge. of1 Imono y,ercoverageamine lI\o\el:ule precipitation and neutralmole Ie alone cannot adsorbsubmqnolayer coveragequartz in aqueous solution ofDDACl (Fig. 1). This situation is explained'l)~i., ' eq;-~amhhe-reaSOM-for-maximum. fioccuJationar.e:(l Llesselectrosta~io~repulsion, and (2) favourable collector adsorption. ..' -'.,., H-::':F.~he-reactions--6baqlieEHl5:-SGlutions--of DDACI are plland concentratio~.depenaeiiCsrnce1iYdl'l1pfiobtgityis·~ eritiealfactor for aggregation of plii1t+>cles the results of the preserit work are also analysedbY the data ofK.ell.and Vasquez~Rosas( 1945) on the contact angies of quartz with DDA(:l (,hie. fr-..rnelligliee.lhe-eon.tatt:angl~!b~rnore hydrophobic is the particle sUface.lnthe pH range. 9-'11 the contac~aii&1e'observedwas 80? for anl1~C'concentration of lO-sM. Acont~ctangle of 58° at pH 5.8 indicatespad~'coverage of the amine. EYeIlJ:~t!l_~ighconcentration of I 0-,3M thesurfa(jethe particle attains oIlly asubmonblayerai pH 6.Higher contact angles-oto85°;pH 9-11) fOfconcentration$ of 1O-s_10-4 Mare attributed to the ~tialhydrolysis of the amine. . i .. ..' .. ."From Fig. 3a itis observed that at pH 10.12 (pH region of amine precitation) a fluctuation in solution turbidity, i.e. a decrease forithe first IS';.w.i~h .a..SUbS.e.~uent ..i.ncrease for.furt..her pe.n.'.Od.O.fs.tim.'.n.g,.s.u.gge.sts 00.,. th. flO.,.....c.iS!.,': .•....·'. 'latlOn and dlsperslOll of aggregates. Around the pH region 01amme pred~tation physicaladsorptionof the precipitate on the sutfaceof quartz mayd 'part enough hydrophobicity ·.a1l,d.collsequently favourfl()cculati()D ..r.prolonged agitation may peel· off~e amine precipitate frotDJthe sUrf~ce;;thereby lead to floc redispersiori. At. pH 10.12 the particles holdposicharges,..; 15mV' (Fig,. 1) ..Figure 3b shows a higher concentratioll of fillsuspension beyond pH .10 - i.e. a lower flocculation when comparedtamount flocculated at pH 9:6.:However; negligible flocculation at pH(Fig.3a) is due tolack of enough hydrophobicity and the potentialreferred pH,.as.observed frQmFig. '1,.is, +22 mY ..On the other hand,though the particle is hydrophobic enough ..(Table: 1: contact angle 80°,'a9-11), the flocculation is' only minimum (Fig. 4a)' for a DDACI concetion of2.26 X IQ-sMand the corresponding zeta potential is -58 mY (2), 111this case hydrophobicity is not the factor for minimumflocculatiopthe surface chargeis responsible for the observed behaviour, When the p:cles hold high potentials it becomes necessary to apply higher stirring speto overcome the energy barrier. The same argument holds good for the;crease in flocculation at higher amine concentrations. As seen from Fig. 2'"posiffve-p~.6tentialsincreaseforamineconcentrations a.bove 8.5 X 10:-sM?'~the reasons are clear for the trend observed in Fig. 4b, .j})::;']Effect of particle size and stirring speed:The si.ieof the· coarsepaftiCle-isan- itIilJortantfactor-in shear-floeculat.,since it influences the collision mechanism, Samygin et a1. (1968) faun ... "the adhesion rate offines to coarse particles to be 103_104 as high as the..••R-FLOCCULATION OF Q~ARTZ~L-~.•• ·fM· ...• -.i :1" . ': 1·:-- -----,-------~---I I .)):\:.. 'Fig. 9;; Aggrega,~of iCOllJ:sl;,-tinePllrticl~:<:-..S3+38 and -' 5 14mmixture; cone. DDACI9.Q2'x 1Q-'M; stirrin~speed 500 rpm; pH 9.(:).' • 'scanning electron micrographs,(Figs. 8and9 ) are sho~n for two experimell~tal conditions. W~en a -75+ 53'l:lnd- 5Jlm mixture was subjected to shel:l'", flocculation the aggregatesformed mainly between fines (Fig. 8) andthea~.',gregates,of coarse.fine W6£6sparse.·Figure 9showsacol:lrse-fine llggr~gat~forme4 after stirring a mixtUr~of=,5J,+.y&and -5 Jlmparticles.l'hree:typc;s,~;~~~e:~i~t~;:~~d~~~~!~~a~%%~i~~~~;rl~~~,~C~~:~~~~tstlrnng. .,,: -1'}li,' i if. i,d .•.•.,.,;";>";1]15~~ ~~:4si~~0~::~?:1t~~~\~:t~~~(~i:.d6:r;~a tds~¥ht~~aincreases the amount flOcCUIl:lt~4!4e~!~a~~~.Tlt J:ea,sOQs.r~t\f~pcha,treQ~,' "~J~;ttt\1~~:!i~r~;.~ii~~i"ia~;.1~*l~~~jl¥~t~~1i~I :.lJ.~L . :. _li1975)~;i~~~~~;~th~t;-(S~brahmanyam eta1., 1990a, b); 4dO-l- 200 mm-ill.hema.tite-sod. iUnl dodecyl sU.lfona.te (Fuerstenau et a1.., 1988) and even im.-peller speeds as low as 225 rpm were used by Samygin et a1. (1968). TwoIpnen\Jll1em£;,ttrlower--floceulatio1l:and {2}fioc redispersiori, need to pe rec-: ognized inshear~flocculation. Several reasoris like high similar potentials be-: tween particles, lack of enough hydropbobicity, a large difference between thesizes of fine ,andcoarse particles, insufficient stirring speed, etc. may result in.a lower flocculation. WhereaS floc redfsperslonoccurs mainly because- of thei factors such as attrition, breakage of' flocs due to a high stirring speed, re-I moval of the adsorbed reagent (physical adsorption ?). from the partiCle sur-i face and consequently detachment of the adhered particles at higher speedsI of stirring, etc.I;ONCLUSlONSHI;,; (1) From the results of the study on shear-flocculation of quartz in aqueousijs~lutions ofdodeCj'lamine chloride (DDACl) it has been shown that the hy-r~l,~r9phobi~ityof the particle and cha~e inf1uen~e the aggregatio~ mechanis~.I;~~tthe pOlnt of zero charge the repulsIve forces between the partIcles. are mm-r::jJl1umand the particles are hydrophobic enough to aggregate even atlow stir-~iingspeeds. .r~it:_(2) The electrokinetic behaviour of quartz in aqueous' and DDACI solu-""~onsindicates that the mechanism of adsorption is physical. The reactions of. p.eous solutions ofDDACl are pH and concentration dependent; the hydro-~bicity of quartz and consequently the charge on the particle are governed.··....~h.,0...•.se rea.ctions. The flocculatio~ was fopnd to be m~x~mum for the con~ons: pH 9.6; PDAClconcentratlOn 9.02><:10-5 M; stImng speed 500 rpm,rtne size of tlie coarse particle- 38+20,um. •'k ' ,H:.Hd~A!tSQ,~llliulld,Jlran,P.~1983. Carrier not~tion of anatase from clay and its physico-ical mecha~isms. In: Malaghan G. Subl1as(Editor). Ulrafine Grinding and Separationdustrial Minerals, SME-AlME, 12: 117-131. i, o. W.,.Gu~nplOu, Q. and Hu. W., 1988. The ~ffect of carrier-promoting aggregation of" ~eparticles. In: A.J. Plumpton (Editor). Pr~uction and Processing of Fine Particles.. lilt. Symp.,ClM/Pergamon. NewYork. NY,iPp. 309-316.au, r);W.a1l4Fuerstenau,M.C.jJ 982.],Il~f1p!a.ti()nof,oxide and SilicateMinerals. In:~ng (Edit~r), Principles of Flotation., S. Af,.lnst. Min. Metall. Monagr. Ser.; 3: 1011---au, n.w., Li, C. and Hanson. J.S., 1988. Sht$- flocculation and carrier flot~tion offineite. In: A..J. Plumpton(Editor}, PrQductiQ.nand Processing of Fine Particles. Ptoc.mp. ClM/Pergamon, New York, NY, pp. 3~9-~35 ..au,.M.C., t982. Chem.istryof collectors in soluti?n. In: R.P. King (Editor). Principlestatlon. S.Afr, lnst. Mm.MetalLMoDOgr~~eh3. 1-16.i'\lT~"" n 7 ~"ti Oil r.Z.. 1988. Autoltenous carrier fiot8tlon~rn:KS. Ene Forssberg(Editor), Proceedings XVI Int. Miner. Process. Congr. Dev. Miner. Process., 10(A): 445-452.Kellogg, H.H. and Vasquez-Rosas, H., 1945. Mining Technology. Am, Inst. Min. Met. En~ •• :mIech.PubU9j)6>m(~ferred by K.I~ Snthbrland and 1-".\¥.VVark,1955. PrinciplesofFiotaiioil; :Australas. Inst, Min. Metall., p. 4117). . ~ m J'~Laskowski,J.S., 1988.The colloid chemistry of flotation properties of primary aliphatic amine$.,. fn: K:V:S::SlIsnyanlt M:E. Fuerstenatt-tEditors-); Challenges in Mineral Processing, .Pr~.:ceedings Symi>. in Honour ofD. W. Fuetstenau. SME-AIME, Littleton, CO, Chap. 2, pp. IStc.34. I· '._Sa.mygi~, V.~ ..,.B~rsk.ii, p:.A.. and p:nge,lo.vt S.M... ,....19.68. Mechanism ofm. utuai flocculatio. n.•....!. t•...,'-pamcles..diffenngm.S1ze.CollOldJ., 30~435-4-39.! iSchindler, P.W., 1981. Surface complexes at oxide-water interfaces. In: M.A. Andersson.at!,:;A.J. Rubin (Editors), Adsorption of! rganics at SQlid-Liquid Interfaces. Ann Arbor SF.',;Publ.Inc., Chap. I, pp. I-50.. •. t .: '., . 'I .risuobrahma.ny. a.m, T.V'. a.n.d F.ors.Sbe.rg,K.:•...S,.•..". 1 990 .•..,F..••m·.ep'.'a.rtiC.les..pro.ces....S.. i.n.g:.•.•s. •hea.r'fl•.O. ccul.a•.....ti...".'.".and c rrier flotation - a review. Int.J;·· •iner. Process;; 30: 265-286., ,..H;Subrahmanyam, T.V., Sun, Z., Forssberg, . S.E. arid Forsling, W., 1990a. Shear-flocculatioli'galena and synthetic PbS. In: J. Hanna nd 'i.A. Attia' (Editors ), Advanc~sin Fine Patt' .Processing (Pree. Int. Symp. on Advan s in Fine Particles Processing, ~ostori, MA, i .' .August 1989). ElSevier, New York, NY! pp. 269-278. ,.r } iSubrahmanyam, T.V., Sun, Z., Forssberg,.N.S.E. and Forsling, W" I990b.Variables in the sll'flocculation of galena~ In: P.M.. J. a.rayt. et al. (Ed.itorial co.mmittee), Sti.lPhide DePOS..i~their Origin and Processing. Inst. Min. jUetall., London, pp. 223-231. , ;.,.Warren, L.J., 1975a. S.lime coating and ~ear~flocculation in the sChee~ite-~odium oleat~.tern. Trans.lnst. Mm. Metall., (Sect. CoMm. Proe. Ext. Metall.,) 84. C99-104.",Warren, L.J., 1975b. Shear-flocculation ofhltrafine seheelite in sodium oleate solutions. J.loid Interface Sci., 50(2): 307':"318,

Shear flocculation of quartz.

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Shear flocculation of quartz.

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