To investigate the removal of oxygen (hydrodeoxygenation) during the hydropyrolysis of cellulose, single and two-stage experiments on pure cellulose have been carried out using hydrogen pressures up to 10 MPa and temperatures over the range 300-520°C. Carbon, oxygen and aromaticity balances have been determined from the product yields and compositions. For the two-stage tests, the primary oils were passed through a bed of commercial Ni/Mo γ-alumina-supported catalyst (Criterion 424, presulphided) at 400°C. Raising the hydrogen pressure from atmospheric to 10 MPa increased the carbon conversion by 10 mole % which was roughly equally divided between the oil and hydrocarbon gases. The oxygen content of the primary oil was reduced by over 10% to below 20% w/w. The addition of a dispersed iron sulphide catalyst further increased the oil yield at 10 MPa and reduces the oxygen content of the oil by a further 10%. The effect of hydrogen pressure on oil yields was most pronounced at low flow rates where it is beneficial in helping to overcome diffusional resistances. Unlike the dispersed iron sulphide in the first stage, the use of the Ni-Mo catalyst in the second stage reduced both the oxygen content and aromaticity of the oils.91-4 SPEC. ISS.950953Antal, J.R., Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the literature. Part 1-carbohydrate pyrolysis (1983) Adv. in Solar Energy, 2, pp. 61-111. , Ed. Boer, K.W. and Duffie, J.ABolton, C., Snape, C.E., Stephens, H.P., Hydrocracking of hydropyrolysis tar with hydrous titanium oxide catalysis (1989) Fuel, 68 (2), pp. 161-167Churin, E., Maggi, R., Grange, P., Delmon, B., Characterisation and upgrading of a bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of biomass (1988) Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, pp. 896-909. , Ed. Bridgewater, A.V. and Kuester, J.LDiebold, J., Phillips, S., Tyndall, D., Scahill, J., Feik, C., Czeernik, S., Catalytic upgrading of biocrude oil vapors to produce hydrocarbons for oil refining applications (1994) Prep. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem., 39 (4), pp. 1043-1047Gergel, F., Citiroglu, M., Snape, C.E., Putun, E., Ekinci, E., Beneficial effects of hydrogen pressure in the pyrolysis of biomass: A study of Euphorbia rigida (1993) Fuel Process. Technol., 36, pp. 299-305Mastral, A.M., Mayoral, M.C., Izquierdo, M.T., Rubio, B., Role of iron in dry hydroconversion (1995) Energy & Fuels, 9 (5), pp. 953-959Snape, C.E., Lafferty, C.J., Eglinton, G., Robinson, N., Collier, R., The potential of hydropyrolysis as a route for coal liquefation (1994) Int. J. En. Res., 18, pp. 233-242Sofer, S.S., Zaborsky, O.R., (1981) Biomass Energy Convesion Processes for Energy and Fuels, , Elsevier Applied Science, LondonSoltes, J.E., Hydrocarbons from lignocellulosic residues (1983) J. Appl. Polm. Sci: Appl. Polm. Symp.., 37, pp. 775-78
