Abdulmutalb, D

Barker, G

Boismier, W

Farr, L

Hunt, CO

Reynolds, T

LJMU Research Online (Liverpool John Moores University)

The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent RegionsEdited byKonstantinos Kopanias and  John MacGinnisArchaeopress ArchaeologyCopyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.Archaeopress Publishing LtdGordon House276 Banbury RoadOxford OX2 7EDwww.archaeopress.comISBN 978 1 78491 393 9ISBN 978 1 78491 394 6 (e-Pdf)© Archaeopress and the authors 2016Cover illustration: Erbil Citadel, photo Jack Pascal All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners.Printed in England by Holywell Press, OxfordThis book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.comCopyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.iContentsList of Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................................ ivAuthors’ details ..................................................................................................................................... xiiPreface ................................................................................................................................................. xviiArchaeological investigations on the Citadel of Erbil: Background, Framework and Results.............. 1Dara Al Yaqoobi, Abdullah Khorsheed Khader, Sangar Mohammed,  Saber Hassan Hussein, Mary Shepperson and John MacGinnisThe site of Bazyan: historical and archaeological investigations ........................................................ 11Narmin Amin Ali and Vincent DerocheShort notes on Chalcolithic pottery research: The pottery sequences of Tell Nader (Erbil)  and Ashur (Qal’at Sherqat) ............................................................................................................ 19Claudia BeugerNew Evidence of Paleolithic Occupation in the Western Zagros foothills: Preliminary report  of cave and rockshelter survey in the Sar Qaleh Plain in the West of Kermanshah Province,  Iran ................................................................................................................................................. 29Fereidoun Biglari and Sonia ShidrangActivities of Sapienza-University of Rome in Iraqi Kurdistan: Erbil, Sulaimaniyah and Duhok ......... 49Carlo Giovanni Cereti and Luca CollivaThe Achaemenid Period Occupation at Tell ed-Daim in Iraqi Kurdistan ............................................ 57John Curtis and Farouk al-Rawi‘Inscription D’ from Sennacherib’s Aqueduct At Jerwān: Further Data and Insights ......................... 65Frederick Mario Fales and Roswitha Del FabbroThe Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project: A Preliminary Overview on the Pottery and  Settlement Patterns of the 3rd Millennium BC in the Northern Region of Iraqi Kurdistan ......... 75Katia Gavagnin Animal husbandry and other human-animal interactions in Late Ubaid-Early Uruk  northern Iraq: the faunal remains from the 2012 excavation season at Tell Nader ..................... 87Angelos HadjikoumisHawsh-Kori and Char-Ghapi: Why the Sassanids built two monuments in the west of  Kermanshah and the south of Iraqi Kurdistan ............................................................................ 101Ali HozhabriAcross millennia of occupation: the Land of Nineveh Archaeological project in  Iraqi Kurdistan: The prehistory and protohistory of the Upper Tigris rediscovered .................. 125Marco IamoniThe Iraqi Institute: Education for Archaeological Research and Conservation ................................ 135Jessica Johnson, Abdullah Khorsheed and Brian Michael LioneCopyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.iiTwo seasons of excavations at Kunara (Upper Tanjaro): An Early and Middle Bronze Age city ...... 139Christine Kepinski and Aline TenuExcavations of the Chalcolithic Occupations at Salat Tepe on the Upper Tigris,  Southeastern Anatolia ................................................................................................................. 147Tatsundo Koizumi, Minoru Yoneda, Shigeru Itoh and Koichi KobayashiInsights into the settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan from the Upper Greater Zab  Archaeological Reconnaissance Project ...................................................................................... 163Rafał KolińskiTwo Ottoman Trade Buildings (Qaisariya) in the Bazaar of Erbil from Building Archaeology  to Refurbishment Planning .......................................................................................................... 173Dietmar Kurapkat Ninevite 5 – culture or regional pottery style? ................................................................................. 181Dorota ŁaweckaBack to the Land of Muṣaṣir/Ardini: Preliminary report on fieldwork (2005-2012) ........................ 189Dlshad Marf New Researches on the Assyrian Heartland: The Bash Tapa Excavation Project ............................. 201Lionel Marti and Christophe NicolleMaterials from French Excavations in Erbil Area (2011-2013): Qasr Shemamok ............................. 209Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault and Ilaria CaliniCurrent Investigations into the Early Neolithic of the Zagros Foothills of Iraqi Kurdistan............... 219Roger Matthews, Wendy Matthews and Kamal Rasheed RaheemAbout Bakr Awa ................................................................................................................................. 229Peter A. MiglusMagnetic investigations in the Shahrizor Plain: Revealing the unseen in survey prospections ...... 241Simone Mühl and Jörg FassbinderThe Bazaar of Erbil within the Context of Islamic Trade Routes and Trade Buildings ...................... 249Martina Müller-Wiener and Anne Mollenhauer Halaf Settlement in the Iraqi Kurdistan: the Shahrizor Survey Project ............................................ 257Olivier Nieuwenhuyse, Takahiro Odaka and Simone MühlContextualizing Arbīl: Medieval urbanism in Adiabene ................................................................... 267Karel NováčekFilling the Gap: The Upper Tigris Region from the Fall of Nineveh to the Sasanians.  Archaeological and Historical Overview Through the Data of the Land of  Nineveh Archaeological Project ................................................................................................... 277Rocco PalermoSatu Qala: an Assessment of the Stratigraphy of the Site ................................................................ 297Cinzia PappiCopyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.iiiHelawa: A New Northern Ubaid/Late Chalcolithic Site in the Erbil Plain ........................................ 309Luca Peyronel, Agnese Vacca and Gioia ZenoniFrom the banks of the Upper Tigris River to the Zagros Highlands. The first season (2013)  of the Tübingen Eastern Ḫabur Archaeological Survey ............................................................... 323Peter Pfälzner and Paola SconzoGre Amer, Batman, on the Upper Tigris: A Rescue Project in the Ilısu Dam Reservoir  in Turkey ....................................................................................................................................... 333Gül Pulhan and Stuart BlaylockIn the Neo-Assyrian Border March of the Palace Herald: Geophysical Survey and Salvage Excavations at Gird-i Bazar and Qalat-i Dinka (Peshdar Plain Project 2015) .............................. 353Karen Radner, Andrei Ašandulesei, Jörg Fassbinder, Tina Greenfield, Jean-Jacques Herr,  Janoscha Kreppner and Andrea SquitieriNew investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan ...................................................................... 369Tim Reynolds, William Boismier, Lucy Farr, Chris Hunt, Dlshad Abdulmutalb and  Graeme BarkerMaterials from French excavations in the Erbil area (2010): Kilik Mishik ........................................ 373Olivier Rouault and Ilaria CaliniKurd Qaburstan, A Second Millennium BC Urban Site: First Results of the Johns Hopkins  Project .......................................................................................................................................... 385Glenn M. SchwartzThe Sirwan (Upper Diyala) Regional Project – First Results ............................................................. 403Tevfik Emre Şerifoğlu, Claudia Glatz, Jesse Casana and Shwkr Muhammed HaydarTracking early urbanism in the hilly flanks of Mesopotamia – three years of  Danish archaeological investigations on the Rania Plain ............................................................ 411Tim Boaz Bruun Skuldbøl and Carlo ColantoniThe Activities of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Iraqi Kurdistan (MAIKI):  The survey area and the new evidence from Paikuli blocks documentation ............................. 417Gianfilippo Terribili and Alessandro TiliaThe Kani Shaie Archaeological Project .............................................................................................. 427André Tomé, Ricardo Cabral and Steve RenettePhilological and scientific analyses of cuneiform tablets housed in  Sulaimaniya (Slemani) Museum .................................................................................................. 435Chikako Watanabe‘Carrying the glory of the great battle’. The Gaugamela battlefield: ancient sources,  modern views, and topographical problems ............................................................................... 437Kleanthis ZouboulakisCopyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.Copyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.369New investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi KurdistanTim Reynolds, William Boismier, Lucy Farr, Chris Hunt,  Dlshad Abdulmutalb and Graeme BarkerShanidar Cave (36º50’ N, 44º13’ E) in the Zagros Mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan, approximately 740 m above sea level (Fig. 1), has iconic status in Palaeolithic archaeology following excavations by Ralph Solecki between 1952 and 1960 (Solecki 1963, 1971).1 It is central to debates about Neanderthal burials and behaviour, the origins of the Upper Palaeolithic and issues of Neanderthal-Modern Human interaction and succession.In his 14 m-deep trench, Solecki located several Neanderthal burials, including an elderly individual with evidence of severe disability (Trinkhaus 1983) andFigure 1. Looking north to Shanidar Cave; bust of Ralph Solecki in the foreground (photograph by G. Barker).1 This article first appeared in the Antiquity Project Gallery for December 2015 and is reprinted by kind permission of the Editors.another, argued by Leroi-Gourhan (1975) to have been buried with flowers. Four major cultural phases were defined from the artefacts (Fig. 2) and a chronology was derived using radiocarbon: D: non-Levallois Mousterian associated with the Neanderthals (˃45 ka); C: Baradostian Upper Palaeolithic, a regional variant of the Aurignacian techno-complex (33-27 ka); B2: Zarzian, a late Pleistocene industry (approximately 12 ka); B1: a proto-Neolithic cemetery (11 ka); A: Holocene activity (from approximately 7 ka).In 2011, the Kurdistan Regional Government approached Graeme Barker about further work at Shanidar. The resulting project aims to contribute to major debates about Neanderthal societies in south-west Asia and their vulnerability or resilience to climatic change in comparison with Homo sapiens, while specific objectives are to establish a high resolution environmental and cultural record, and to re-investigate the Neanderthal burials, their chronology, context and contents. Initial fieldwork during summer 2014 was interrupted by the IS threat, but two phases of excavation were undertaken in 2015.The excavations – a 4 x 4 m eastern extension of Solecki’s main trench – are focused on the location at which the earlier fieldwork discovered most of the Neanderthal remains (Fig. 3). The removal of backfill has exposed approximately 10m of section in this area and the adjacent faces of the main trench to a depth of 4 m (Fig. 4). The sediments result from shallow wash, mud and debris flows, roof fall and aeolian deposition. Sedimentary and diagenetic processes, vegetation and climatic history are being investigated from sediment and micromorphological samples.An approximately 0.5 x 0.5 m plinth of sediment, separating from the main face as a result of post-1960 boulder collapse, was excavated to investigate Baradostian activity (Fig. 4). Initial radiocarbon dates by the Oxford Radiocarbon Laboratory place the Baradostian c. 35,000-40,000 years ago. Ephemeral but persistent evidence for human activity is present throughout, with three shallow scoops of ash and charcoal, each around 30cm in diameter and probably used as hearths (cooking places). The size of these features suggests limited groups of individuals. An insubstantial assemblage of lithics from Baradostian layers indicates an attempt to maximise the use of available raw materials, mainly Copyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.370The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regionsriver pebbles, with frequent small cores and core shatter fragments, and core edge-trimming flakes. The frequency of multiple burins implies that the retooling of hunting equipment may have been significant (Fig. 5). The amount of burnt bone present in the highly fragmented faunal assemblage could indicate its use as fuel, which is consistent with initial pollen work that suggests a steppeland environment. The emerging picture is of small groups making regular short-term visits for shelter and tool maintenance in extreme conditions.Figure 2. Schematic cross section of the Solecki excavation, showing his major cultural layers,  the key radiocarbon dates and the relative positions of the Neanderthals  (reproduced with kind permission of Ralph Solecki).Around the findspot of the Neanderthal individual – Shanidar V – discovered by Solecki, we have found further Neanderthal remains including a hamate, the distal ends of the right tibia and fibula, and some articulated ankle bones, scattered fragments of two vertebrae, a rib and long bone fragments. The tibia and fibula were in articulation with the ankle bones (Fig. 6) and lay, foot uppermost, on an approximately 45º slope. These elements are missing from the list presented by Trinkhaus (1983), making it probable that they belong Copyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.371T. Reynolds et al.: New investigations at Shanidar CaveFigure 3. The eastern extension of the Solecki trench in 1960, where most of the Neanderthal remains were found; this area is the main focus of the new excavations (reproduced with kind permission of Ralph Solecki).Figure 4. General view of the excavation area, looking east, showing the locations mentioned  in the text; scales: 2 m and 0.5 m (photograph by G. Barker).Copyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.372The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent RegionsFigure 5. A variety of burins and (bottom right)  an endscraper from the sediments of Baradostian  age (illustration by T. Reynolds).Figure 6. The human right tibia and fibula in articulation with ankle bones near Solecki’s Shanidar V Neanderthal skeletal material and probably part of the same group; scale: 8 cm (photograph by G. Barker).to Shanidar V, although a new individual cannot be ruled out. An animal burrow truncated the area where the rest of the foot would have been, but some scattered phalange fragments were recovered. The surrounding sediments showed no sign of a grave cut. The lack of a visible cut, the orientation of the anatomical elements and disturbance by animal burrowing all closely match Solecki’s observations (1971, 238-42). There is a notable absence of worked lithics around the bones or, indeed, from any of the exposed pre-Baradostian sediments. This contrasts with the amount of material published from the Mousterian (Skinner 1965; Akazawa 1975), but it should be noted that a further 9 m of deposit lies beneath the level reached by the new excavations.The new fieldwork at Shanidar is undertaken with the permission of the Kurdistan Directorate of Antiquities, which is warmly thanked, as is the Leverhulme Foundation for its financial support.Bibliographical ReferencesAkazawa, T. 1975. ‘Preliminary notes on the Middle Palaeolithic assemblage from the Shanidar Cave.’ Sumer 31:3-10.Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1975. ‘The flowers found with Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal burial in Iraq.’ Science 190:562-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.190.4214.562.Skinner, J. H. 1965. ‘The flake industries of south-west Asia: a typological study.’ Unpublished PhD dissertation, Columbia University.Solecki, R. S. 1963. ‘Prehistory in Shanidar Valley, northern Iraq.’ Science 139:179-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.139.3551.179.Solecki, R. S. 1971. Shanidar, the first flower people. New York: Knopf.Trinkhaus, E. 1983. The Shanidar Neandertals. New York: Academic.Copyrighted material. No unauthorized reproduction in any medium.

New investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan

http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/3829/1/Reynolds%20et%20al%202016%20Kopianas%20McGinnis%20book%20ch.pdf

New investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

LJMU Research Online (Liverpool John Moores University)