The Quality of Service (QoS) resource consumption is always the tricky problem and also the on-going issue in the access network of mobile wireless part because of its dynamic nature of network wireless transmissions. It is very critical for the infrastructure-less wireless mobile ad hoc network that is distributed while interconnects in a peer-to-peer manner. Toward resolve the problem, Taguchi method optimization of mobile ad hoc routing (AODVUU) is applied in integrated optical and wireless networks called the adLMMHOWAN. Practically, this technique was carry out using OMNeT++ software by building a simulation based optimization through design of experiment. Its QoS network performance is examined based on packet delivery ratio (PDR) metric and packet loss probabilities (PLP) metric that consider the scenario of variation number of nodes. During the performing stage with random mobile connectivity based on improvement in optimized front-end wireless domain of AODVUU routing, the result is performing better when compared with previous study called the oRia scheme with the improvement of 14.1% PDR and 43.3% PLP in this convergence of heterogeneous optical wireless network

Alsayaydeh, Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil

Elshaikh, M.

Idrus, Sevia Mahdaliza

Wong, M. A.

Zulkifli, Nadiatulhuda

English

TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control)

TELKOMNIKA, Vol.17, No.4, August 2019, pp.1642~1647 
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018 
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i4.12776   1642 
  
Received September 11, 2018; Revised January 5, 2019; Accepted March 3, 2019 
Efficient P2P data dissemination in integrated optical 
and wireless networks with Taguchi method 
 
 
M. A. Wong*
1
, Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil Alsayaydeh
2
, Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus
3
, 
Nadiatulhuda Zulkifli
4
, M Elshaikh
5
 
1,2
Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik dan Elektronik, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 
Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia, tel/fax: +606-2704018/+606-2701052 
1
Center for Telecommunication Research and Innovation, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka 
Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia, tel/fax: +606-5552041/+606-5552112 
2
Center for Advanced Computing Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 
76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia, tel/fax: +606-2701305/+606-270 6075 
3,4
School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 
Malaysia, tel/fax: +607-5533333 
5
School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 
Malaysia, tel/fax: +604-9885361/+604-988 5098 
*Corresponding author, e-mail: adamwong@utem.edu.my
1
, jamil@utem.edu.my
2
, sevia@utm.my
3
, 
nadiatulhuda@utm.my
4
, elshaikh@unimap.edu.my
5
 
 
 
Abstract 
 The Quality of Service (QoS) resource consumption is always the tricky problem and also  
the on-going issue in the access network of mobile wireless part because of its dynamic nature of network 
wireless transmissions. It is very critical for the infrastructure-less wireless mobile ad hoc network that is 
distributed while interconnects in a peer-to-peer manner. Toward resolve the problem, Taguchi method 
optimization of mobile ad hoc routing (AODVUU) is applied in integrated optical and wireless networks 
called the adLMMHOWAN. Practically, this technique was carry out using OMNeT++ software by building 
a simulation based optimization through design of experiment. Its QoS network performance is examined 
based on packet delivery ratio (PDR) metric and packet loss probabilities (PLP) metric that consider  
the scenario of variation number of nodes. During the performing stage with random mobile connectivity 
based on improvement in optimized front-end wireless domain of AODVUU routing, the result is performing 
better when compared with previous study called the oRia scheme with the improvement of 14.1% PDR 
and 43.3% PLP in this convergence of heterogeneous optical wireless network.   
 
Keywords: AODVUU, design of experiment, FiWi, MANET, Taguchi 
 
Copyright © 2019 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved. 
 
 
1. Introduction 
A recent consumer survey as shown in Figure 1 has quantified the rising popularity of 
the mobile Internet of Usage (IoS) of access network, specifically with regard to smart phones 
and tablets [1, 2]. This has brought about the integration of Internet and MANET nodes 
associated to key infrastructure of all-IP shared network. Subsequently, total Internet resource 
consumption worldwide nearly 70% [3] such as delay or packet loss probabilities in the front-end 
has been consumed by wireless domain of mobile nodes. This poses a challenge in data 
dissemination among the mobile peers, each having unpredictable mobility [4, 5].  
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) routing protocols is a self-starting dynamic network 
comprises a number of intermediate mobile nodes and wireless links connecting them [6].  
The MANET considered in this work is distinguish by the unpredictable node movements 
especially in increase of speed environment and rapidly changes in the node connectivity due to 
random topology based on multi-hop communication [7, 8]. This will lead to inefficient routing 
packet and ineffective energy consumption that may cause considerable impact to  
the environmental sustainability. Hence, there is a great need for solutions to realize better 
performance of resource-efficient and reliable wireless mobile networks [9, 10]. 
Several studies of work have been done to gain better performance of MANET.  
The study of [11] was conducted to provide IP networks framework with connection to  
the management server. This schemes was for monitoring the real time end-to-end 
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Efficient P2P data dissemination in integrated optical and wireless networks... (M. A. Wong) 
1643 
communication. It was believed that MANET network behavior was chosen as benchmark study 
whereby different performance metrics were to be considered that are topology and packet flow. 
Nevertheless, it was not highlight on the parameters interaction in terms of variation 
consequence considering the various mobility speed which could bring better quality into  
the performance characteristic in MANET.  
Based on brief literature reviews shows that only a few previous publish works literally 
associated to our studies. The identify authors investigate the efficiency of certain MANET 
routing protocols with respect to Taguchi method based on design of experiment (DoE), for 
example the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [12, 13]. The only possible drawback related to 
this study was that DSR scheme is less efficient in terms of alleviate the negative effect of 
routing decision and increase the network lifetime when the mobile nodes is at the  
move [14, 15]. The poor MANET network condition and unreliable nature of mobile ad hoc 
nodes must be improved to use the resources effectively to ensure high reliable and robust link 
transmission [16]. Among advanced solutions applied in today’s system networking 
infrastructure to improve both the mobile wireless access networks resource effectiveness and 
availability, fiber-wireless (FiWi) technologies with respect to enabling Radio & Fiber (R&F) 
network are one of the most promising alternative network transmission technology because of 
the unique characteristics like the autonomous mobility, richer in bandwidth resources and low 
fiber attenuation [17, 18].  
Following that, there is other study of MANET connectivity that investigated the topology 
design in distributed manner for urban power distribution over fiber link [19]. Thus the major 
concentration of the proposed research study was routing approach of Taguchi optimization 
AODVUU routing [20] and was also further introduced into the FiWi area from the wireless 
domains. It aims to provide the alternative method of robust and efficient way to connect 
MANET end users and Internet based on distributed coordination function (DCF) mode of  
the IEEE 802.11g [21, 22] with consideration of providing QoS-assurance under limited of 
resource consumption with respect to increase the number of nodes. 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1. Evolution of mobile wireless access network technology [23] 
 
 
2. Research Method 
Figure 2 shows the optimization process for this particular tested network environments 
applying Taguchi method. It’s start with identifying the parameter (rate-limit, wait_on_reboot, 
llfeedback, receive_n_hellos, optimized_hellos, checkNextHop and PublicRoutingstables) and 
noise factors (varying speed and number of nodes) that influencing the tested scenarios based 
on intelligent multi-rate scheme (6 Mbps, 24 Mbps, 54 Mbps). Then it is to the start parameter 
filtering processes on the number mobile hosts that run on the intended dimension area thus 
can specify the tested scenarios environment. Finally, the optimized process will continue until 
getting the optimize parameters for all the control factors from these experiments.  
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The component of the proposed improve framework featuring the solution of integrated 
cooperation layers solution for on-demand resource efficient LMMHOWAN in Figure 3 is 
adapted associated with the physical layer model of optical fiber connections and dynamic 
routing protocols for wireless ad-hoc network based on infrastructure [24]. In the study of  
the LMMHOWAN project with the emphasis more on the efficient utilization of mobile network 
resources, the pyramid-type layer model optical fiber design is used for efficient network 
convergence with the wireless domain of MANET network. It is chosen to address the inefficient 
resource consumption and connectivity problem in both mobile wireless and wired networks. 
The other key points based on this respective conceptual model are: 
- Support for multiple optimizations with the focus on system network resource efficiency.  
- Support for multiple scenarios for the coordination of protocol and system components. 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2. Systematic architecture of optimization processes 
 
 
LOD (Logical Optimization Database) is the offline process of finding a robust and 
efficient path for traffic across multiple networks achieved by abstracting the functionality which 
consists of two components as shown in Figure 3. The converged-layer process component 
(CPC) is performed in the MANET while the logical component (LC) is executed in  
the ONU-Wireless Gateway. The logical component (LC) allows designers to identify their 
converged-layer parameter for optimizations in a very abstract and intuitive way. In this work,  
a logical component is one "path" of procedural involving integrated optical, wireless and mobile 
domain functionality. For this purpose, an alternate effective design of experiment through 
simulation-based customized is proposed for converged-layer design purposes. It is more to 
user-centered design where the designer engineers have to apply the engineering perspective 
experience to create a viably functional and efficient design. 
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The proper realization of the converged-layer parameter optimizations (given by the LC) 
is realized by the converged-layer process component (CPC) involving user-centric of Robust 
Design (Taguchi Method). Here the selective tool chosen is Minitab signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio 
analysis that is used to predict field quality through the design of experiments. The output of  
the MiniTab software will become the input for the OMNeT simulation. More precisely,  
the Taguchi signal-to-noise analysis about the main effect plots of mean response factors are 
extracted, this would be utilized for optimisation purpose in OMNeT++. The system network 
design phase involves deciding the optimum values/levels based on the signal-to-noise ratio 
(S/N) goal for the control factors of the AODV-UU routing setting metrics in the identified 
converged-layer parameter optimizations. The optimum or best values are decided  
based on the higher value of SNR by depending on the goal when optimizing the selected 
control factors either to minimize or maximize the performance criteria such as maximize  
the capacity and PDR. 
 
 
 
 
Figure 3. Structure of joint design approach in wired (optical) and wireless for resource 
optimization in last mile mobile integrated optical and wireless networks 
 
 
3. Results and Analysis 
In this section, the simulation result was compared with the previous study for MANET 
part [25] known as the oRia system by the use of OMNET++ simulator tool and only focused on 
2 performance metrics for evaluation which are PDR and PLP. Figure 4 reflects the strength of 
the network in terms of accuracy of the data transmission framework for the AODVUU protocol 
embodies the Taguchi optimization over HOWAN. As depicted in Figure 4, approximately 14.1% 
of average PDR improvement after the optimization was obtained with reduced of packet loss 
as compared to the oRia scheme. As the number of nodes increases, routing table in AODVUU 
of MANET need to be updated intensely causing HELLO messages rapidly multiply broadcast to 
all the others node which flood in the network where these HELLO message need to be 
optimized. This may experience bad performance with the unceasingly decrementing value of 
PDR due to updating these tables takes geometrically increasing amounts of processing power 
until causing exhaustion of the node’s battery power.  
While the PLP graph of Figure 5 reflects the occurrences frequency of packet loss 
happened before reaching the final destination due to frequent link breaks with the increasing of 
a number of nodes. This has degraded the overall capacity performance. The main reason is 
that the frequent link breaks would increase the routing overhead such as the internal design 
routing enabling wait_on_reboot factor for AODVUU. It inccur an extra proccess overhead 
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called the waiting phase of establishing connection. But with the proposed method here in  
the evaluation scales better with respect to the number of nodes with 43.31% of average 
improvement. Thus, it can indirectly improve the mobile nodes transmission guarantee based on 
the optimum wait_on_reboot value (1 second). 
 
 
 
 
Figure 4. PDR performance for oRia and 
adLMMHOWAN multi-parameter AODVUU 
routing before and after Taguchi  
optimization mechanism 
 
 
Figure 5. PLP performance for oRia and 
adLMMHOWAN multi-parameter AODVUU 
routing before and after Taguchi  
optimization mechanism 
 
 
4. Conclusion 
In this work, some of the on-going issues in MANET of wireless domain had been 
addressed to integrate with optical backhaul which then can serve as alternative last mile mobile 
internet access to mobile users. A feasible simulation framework with the Taguchi multi-criterion 
optimization has been proposed for a converged wireless MANET with Hybrid Wavelength 
Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) operated according to the IEEE 
802.11g distributed coordination function (DCF) as the medium-access control (MAC)  
protocol in the link layer. The proposed DoE simulation framework aims to achieved the QoS 
seamless performance with minimize variation that is depend on the design parameters carry 
the objective of optimum and robust design criterion while accounting for the specific service 
requirements (users’ traffic) in terms of maximize the PDR and minimize the PLP. It shows that 
the resource consumption for performance metrics of 14.1% PDR and 43.3% PLP based on 
Taguchi optimized AODVUU routing in the adLMMHOWAN scheme is more effective than  
the non-Taguchi AODVUU routing optimization as regards to oRia scheme of previous  
study settings. 
 
  
Acknowledgements 
This work is ostensibly funded by Centre for Research and Innovation Management of 
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka to the main author. 
 
 
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Efficient P2P data dissemination in integrated optical and wireless networks with Taguchi method

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