Electromagnetic wave sensor for multiphase flow measurement in the oil and gas industry

Abstract

The product of an oil and gas reservoir consists of a mixture of oil, gas, and water. During the oil extraction, gas and water are produced as by-products as a natural phenomenon, which occurs in the petroleum field. In order to maximize the amount of oil that can be retrieved, water and gas are often injected at various locations into the well. Thus, monitoring and measuring the output of oil, gas and water mixture are crucial requirements. The information not only can be used to optimize both the operation and transportation management but to enhance the quality of production (Al-Hejeri et al., 2009)