Next generation in wireless communication systems being deployed in the world, 5G/6G mobile and wireless communication technologies has been widely studied. This work clarifies that Millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) is in its early stages and will be driven by consumers who keep on desire higher information rates for the consumption of media. Millimeter-Wave innovation represents for next generation cellular technology and includes a wide range of advanced features which make next innovation most dominant technology in near future, these abilities incorporate high achievable information rates in addition to lower delays and constant connectivity on wireless devices

Yonis, A. Z.

English

TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control)

TELKOMNIKA, Vol.17, No.6, December 2019, pp.3161~3167 
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018 
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i6.13060 ◼  3161 
  
Received May 18, 2019; Revised June 6, 2019; Accepted August 8, 2019 
Evolution of millimeter-wave communications  
toward next generation in wireless technologies 
 
 
A. Z. Yonis 
Communication Engineering Department, College of Electronics Engineering,  
Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq 
*Corresponding author, e-mail: aws.yonis@uoninevah.edu.iq 
  
 
Abstract 
Next generation in wireless communication systems being deployed in the world, 5G/6G  
mobile and wireless communication technologies has been widely studied. This work clarifies that 
Millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) is in its early stages and will be driven by consumers who keep on desire 
higher information rates for the consumption of media. Millimeter-Wave innovation represents for next 
generation cellular technology and includes a wide range of advanced features which make next 
innovation most dominant technology in near future, these abilities incorporate high achievable information 
rates in addition to lower delays and constant connectivity on wireless devices. 
 
Keywords: BER, data rate, mmwave, PAPR 
 
Copyright © 2019 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved. 
 
 
1. Introduction 
Recent studies suggest that deploying fifth generation on mm-Wave presents great 
innovation to radio frequency engineers [1, 2]. The deploying mm-Wave frequency bands to 
provide a link between device and base station presents many technical challenges. Moreover, 
mm-Wave frequencies will provide much higher throughput, secure services, dramatically 
increased network capacity, and low latency [3]. At present the emerging trends of the new  
fifth-generation (5G) changed the traffic characteristics of communication technology in order to 
ensure the provision of mobile telecommunications services over the coming time due to  
the rapid development of communications, new technological solution must be developed to 
keep abreast of future developments or challenges [4]. One of the methods used to transmit 
data is the multi carrier modulation a technique used to achieve high data transfer, increase 
spectral efficiency and reduce error by dividing it into several components. To improve and 
achieve the highest rates of data transfer, researchers [5-7], have developed multi carrier 
modulation techniques which UFMC, Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) [8] 
and Filter-Bank Based Multi-Carrier (FBMC) are some of the technologies developed. In FBMC 
system the subcarriers are filtered individually, strongly strengthen the durability inter-carrier 
interference (ICI) effects. The defect is the length of the long filter and is therefore unsuitable for 
uplink communication necessary for the possible implementation of the system (5G). Such as 
energy efficient machine type communication (MTC) or low cost communication, Multicarrier 
filters sub-band blocks and classifies the subcarriers. This can significantly reduce the length of 
the filter, compared to FBMC. In Multicarrier, subcarrier frequency groups are filtered but not 
every subcarrier separately. Each set of a number of contiguous sub-bands is formed and 
where the range of radiation is reduced compared to OFDM without increasing the length of  
the code [9]. 
 
 
2. Millimeter Wave Evolution toward Next Generation 
Every year the number of wireless-enabled devices grow at an exponential rate,  
the mm-Wave module provides a basic implementation of millimeter wave user and 
infrastructure devices which include the propagation models, physical (PHY) and (MAC), this 
module has been designed to provide a completely customizable simulation tool for mm-Wave 
devices. Nonetheless, the important features provided by the module are a basic 
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implementation of mm-Wave user devices and infrastructure devices (base stations), support for 
time division duplexing (TDD), a customizable OFDM based frame structure for data and control 
channels, support for downlink and uplink MAC scheduling, an outdoor mm-Wave channel 
model based on Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the mm-Wave module [10]. 
The chief function of the physical layer is to transmit signals sent from the upper layers 
over the physical channel. It is to process data and control signals received over the physical 
channel, and it is sent associated primitives to the upper layers. The mm-Wave module 
supports TDD, which is likely to be adopted in 5G cellular networks, mainly to better support 
relays. Figure 2 shows the structure of mmWave. 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1. A schematic diagram of the mm-Wave device functionalities [11] 
 
 
Mm-Wave is a promising technology for future cellular systems, since limited spectrum 
is available for commercial cellular systems, most research has focused on increasing spectral 
efficiency by using OFDM, MIMO [12], efficient channel coding, and interference coordination. 
Network densification has also been studied to increase area spectral efficiency, including  
the use of heterogeneous infrastructure but increased spectral efficiency is not enough to 
guarantee high user data rates. Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) cellular systems also referred to as 
terahertz radiation, operating in the 30-300 GHz band, above which electromagnetic radiation is 
considered to be low (or far) infrared light [13]. 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2. mmWave structure [11] 
 
 
3. Millimeter-wave based Multi-carrier Waveform System 
The paper focuses on the design and analysis of an Multi-carrier transceiver  
equipped and operating at millimeter wave carrier frequencies [14]. A future 5G candidate 
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telecommunication for replacing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is filter bank  
based multi carrier [15]. The narrow band filter is used very much with the length of time.  
The advantages of the new method of regulation to create the fifth generation wireless 
communication system. The fifth generation of mobile communications requires more spectrum 
efficiency and also higher data rate. Multicarrier has less side lobes than single carrier, thereby 
increasing spectral efficiency [16]. So it will be attraction towards Multicarrier because  
it provides better sub carrier separation like filter bank multicarrier and less complexity like 
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. In addition to the advantages of this technique, but 
have some limitations like higher Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) [17, 18]. PAPR can be 
defined as the relation between the maximum power of a sample in a given transmitted symbol 
divided by the average power of that symbol. Expression No.1 can be mathematical of PAPR 
using this equation: 
 
𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑅 =
max{|𝑥[𝑛]|2}
𝐸{|𝑥[𝑛]|2}
 (1) 
 
|X[n]| belongs to the amplitude of x[n] while E is the expectation of the signal.  
The multi-carrier waveform transmitter diagram is shown in Figure 3, the purpose of inverse fast 
Fourier transform (IFFT) is to ensure that the waves do not overlap [19]. Figure 4 shows  
the block diagram of multi-carrier waveform receiver, the used FFT is 2N point and it is applied 
on the received data from the channel. 
 
 
 
 
Figure 3. Multi-carrier waveform transmitter 
 
 
 
 
Figure 4. Multi-carrier waveform receiver 
 
 
While using single carrier technique which is a standard 4G configuration orthogonal 
technology and is widely used for broadband connection system [20]. Single carrier 
characterized by that the efficiency is very high because it uses each package and works  
in frequency packets 5.2 GHZ, which have less interference with other devices and thus we get 
a very high speed in data transfer up to more than 54 MBps. Despite its advantages, but there 
are some restriction, which makes it suffer from problems. Where it is very sensitive to  
the carrier frequency offset (CFO) [21]. To increase the strength against inter symbol 
interference (ISI) between overlapping codes due to multiple propagation on the radio channel 
the duration of the total symbol is appended along with a Cyclic prefix (CP). Cyclic Prefix is to 
add some repetitive bits at the end of each single carrier code [22]. In fact CP is the same  
as the tail of a symbol at the beginning. The introduction of the cyclic prefix of its spectral 
efficiency and average peak rate of high PAPR. Figure 5 illustrates the process of transmitter 
and receiver sides [23]. 
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Figure 5. Block diagram of receiver and transmitter in the single carrier 
 
 
4. Results and Analysis 
Nowadays, millimeter-wave band refers to the frequency range from 30 to 300 GHz, 
which is the highest electromagnetic radiation radio frequency band, with wavelengths ranging 
from 1 to 100 mm [24]. In this paper, several types of modulation techniques are used to 
influence the Multicarrier and single carrier. The size of FFT is 1024 was used, and number of 
subband is 10. When using 4 QAM PAPR was 7.85 dB in Multicarrier while in single carrier it 
was 8.58 dB when used 16 QAM became PAPR 8.40 dB in Multicarrier while in single carrier 
became 8.92 dB, when 64 QAM was used, PAPR was 9.89 dB in Multicarrier while in single 
carrier was 9.98 dB, newer when 256 QAM was used, PAPR 7.68 dB in Multicarrier whereas in 
single carrier was 7.71 dB. 
As shown from the obtained results above that the value of PAPR in Multicarrier is less 
than in single carrier technique [25]. So, Multicarrier is better than single carrier, Where the best 
results are obtained when the PAPR is small moreover, it is noticed from the results above that 
the best result was obtained when 256 QAM technique was used, from the results shown above 
we notice that the value of PSD in Multicarrier is equal to (-80) while in single carrier is equal  
to (-40), this means that the energy leakage is more in single carrier technique from  
the Multicarrier technique, so Multicarrier is better than single carrier. Furthermore; we notice 
that the increasing in bits per second leads to increasing power spectral density but  
the maximum change is observed in single carrier system; Figure 6 shows main results of 
PAPR with different values of SNR. Moreover, Table 1 shows the simulation parameters is  
used in Multicarrier when we used 10 subband, 20 subcarrier and other case 20 subband,  
30 subcarriers. While, Table 2 shows the simulation parameters is used in single  
carrier-Mmwave. 
The first status for both Multicarrier and single carrier is achieve lower PAPR ,the FFT 
size of the transmitter effects the PAPR of the system. When the FFT size increasing as  
the PAPR is increased. We direct our concentration toward multicarrier signals especially at 
mm-Wave where the bandwidths are two requests of magnitude (100x) higher than at sub  
3 GHz band. We need to research that whether there is any contortion in the array reaction 
because of high signal data transfer capacities at mm-Wave. 
We have talked about so far for example 0.6 GHz single carrier case, at that point 
include two different carriers at 0.9 GHz and 0.5 GHz, a significant extraordinary case, 
extending the data bandwidth to 500 MHz. Reception apparatus dispersing is still λ/2 = 0.15 m 
comparing to the inside frequency of 0.6 GHz. Moreover, the departure of array reaction from 
the perfect relies on both the transmission capacity of the signal (Δf = fmax-fmin) just as the center 
frequency (fc). Indeed it depends on the proportion Δf/fc and the littler this proportion the better, 
Because of the high transporter frequencies at Mm-Wave the high carrier frequencies of signals 
has minimal effect. Figure 7 shows above the Gain of Multicarrier Mm-wave with (2, 4, 8) 
Elements. Moreover, Figure 8 shows BER of multicarrier Mm-wave with various QAM (256, 64, 
and 16), we conclude the minimum Eb/No results in dB when used 16 QAM is 13 dB. 
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Figure 6. PAPR with different carrier-Mmwave 
 
 
  
 
(a) 
 
(b) 
 
 
 
(c) 
 
Figure 7. Gain of Multicarrier Mm-wave with (a) two, (b) four, and (c) eight elements 
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Table 1. Parameters used in  
Multicarrier Technique 
 (10 subband, 
20 subcarriers) 
(20 subband, 
30 subcarriers) 
Numfft 256 1024 
Offset 28 212 
PAPR 7.3916 9.7364 
SNR db 15 15 
 
Table 2. Parameters used in  
Single Carrier Technique 
 Single carrier-
Mmwave 
Single carrier-
Mmwave 
NumFFT 256 1024 
Offset 28 212 
PAPR 7.945 10.0501 
SNR dB 15 15 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 8. BER with various QAM (256, 64, and 16) 
 
 
4. Conclusion 
The future applications include the millimeter wave communication for the fifth 
generation (5G) broadband cellular communication. Millimeter-wave for wireless backhaul 
connections, high data rate device to device in the plane, and high precision localization 
systems. Research paper highlights to multicarrier system is the robust modulation candidate 
for 5G telecommunication system. Multicarrier systems are used type of modulation is QAM and 
we focus on the modulation order and effect to the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in 
single carrier modulation technology has high PAPR characteristic due to the over lapping of 
multi carrier signal, that is way we have used Multicarrier to overcome the PAPR problem;  
in multicarrier Multicarrier we get value of PAPR less than single carrier. In 4 QAM  
both Multicarrier and single carrier have maximum value of PAPR, while when we increase  
the modulation order we notice a drop in values of PAPR and the best case when the order it is 
256 QAM for size of FFT is 1024 according to the practical results. 
 
 
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Evolution of millimeter-wave communications toward next generation in wireless technologies

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Evolution of millimeter-wave communications toward next generation in wireless technologies

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