[Synopsis] The deleterious effects of mycotoxins on human health have been known for centuries. The challenge to society is now, as it has been in the past, how to control exposure to mycotoxins. A major part of the activity is concerned with how to judge the relative risk associated with such exposure. Having conducted such an exercise, risk management decisions are made which, in the past have been based primarily on economic considerations. This paper summarizes the effort made, internationally, to control exposure to the mycotoxins, with emphasis on the approach taken in the US. A review of these efforts reveals clearly the differing approaches taken by various counties in regulating mycotoxins. In general, for economic reasons, exporting countries tend to set higher regulatory levels than importing counties, with the European countries being most restrictive. In most cases, a scientific rationale for setting a particular level is not apparent. Setting a regulatory level is of value only if enforcement is contemplated. Enforcement requires the development of defensible sampling plans, as well as access to validated analytical methods and certified reference materials. In recent years there has been a clear trend toward harmonization of regulatory levels and methods, as well as certification of laboratories and analysts engaged in the enforcement of such levels
