Bennetts, Rachel

Liu, Changhong

Bournemouth University Research Online

Development 359the duration during which traces are passivelymaintained in working memory (i.e., the longerthe duration, the poorer the recall). Despite theabsence of active maintenance, working mem-ory capacity increases from 4 to 6–7 yearsof age. We examine two potential sources ofdevelopment that could account for such anincrease. In a first series of experiments, weexamine the age-related changes in the rate offorgetting through time. In a second series, weassess the role of attention in working memorytasks.The development of visual and ver-bal short-term memory consolida-tion in childrenDonna M Bayliss (1), Jade Bogdanovs(1), Christopher Jarrold (2) 1. School ofPsychology, University of Western Aus-tralia, Australia; 2. School of ExperimentalPsychology, University of Bristol, UnitedKingdomResearch suggests that a process of short-termconsolidation is evident in children. Yet, lit-tle is known about the nature of this process,the development of consolidation across child-hood, or the relationship between consolidationand working memory performance. In thisstudy, we compared consolidation functionsacross 7- to 11-year-olds using visual and ver-bal change-detection tasks designed tomeasureshort-term consolidation. Similar consolida-tion functions to those reported for adults werefound for children. For the visual task, theolder age-groups were faster overall, how-ever, the consolidation functions did not differacross age-groups. In contrast, the verbal con-solidation functions varied across age-groups.Associations were evident between estimatesof visual consolidation efficiency andmeasuresof working memory, however, associationswere less consistent between estimates of ver-bal consolidation efficiency and measures ofworking memory. These results suggest thatthe consolidation of visual and verbal infor-mation may involve separate mechanisms thatfollow different developmental trajectories.Accumulation of knowledge in theHebb repetition paradigm affectsimmediate serial recall: Implica-tions for the development of verbalworking memorySatoru Saito, Masataka Nakayama KyotoUniversity, JapanChildren receive considerable informationfrom their language environment, which affectsthe development of verbal working memory. Inorder to examine the effect of language experi-ence on verbal working memory - particularlyserial order memory - we conducted Hebbrepetition experiments with a sample of adults.Although previous studies reported that theHebb paradigm detected only limited effectsof repeated presentation of serial order infor-mation at an item position level, our resultsindicated that extensive exposure to patternedserial order information promoted the accumu-lation of position-specific order information inlong-term memory and that such phonotacticknowledge had an impact on immediate serialorder memory. This suggests that languageexperience shapes knowledge about linguisticserial order information, which subsequentlyaffects verbal working memory performance.IS045Cultural and social factors in thedevelopment of face recognitionOrganizer: Chang Hong LiuBournemouth University, United KingdomSession Abstract:This symposium focuses on cultural and socialinfluences on the development of face recog-nition. Prior research has revealed cultural dif-ferences in face recognition. However, little isknown about the onset of these differences inthe early childhood. The purpose of the sym-posium is to bring together new findings inthis area and to exchange information abouthow different forms of cultural and social ele-ments play a role in development of face recog-nition. The symposium will consist of fivetalks. The first theme of these talks will beface-processing strategies inferred from chil-dren’s eye movement. The second will be onthe face processing bias in infants. The thirdwill be on developmental changes in attentionto faces to face in early infancy, the fourth willbe on development of the own-race advantage,and the fifth will be on perceptual narrowingfor faces in infants.British children all look the same:Patterns of eyemovements are sta-ble from five years of ageRachel J Bennetts, Chang Hong LiuBournemouth University, United KingdomAdults and older children show stereotypi-cal patterns of eye-movements when view-ing faces, which are influenced by their cul-tural environment. However, it is unclear whenand how these culturally-influenced patternsdevelop throughout childhood, and how theyface recognition ability. In this study, 45 BritishCaucasian children (aged 5–11 yrs) completeda memory task with Caucasian and Asianfaces. Fifteen children completed the task in aneye-tracker. There was no behavioural differ-ence between Asian and Caucasian face recog-nition, and no difference in viewing time forindividual features (eyes, nose, mouth) of Cau-casian and Asian faces. Children spent moretime viewing other facial areas (e.g., cheeks,forehead) and hair for Asian than Caucasianfaces. This pattern remained consistent acrossthe age range tested. These results suggest thatchildren’s patterns of eye movements are rel-atively stable by 5 years of age, and exhibitsubtle effects of race even in the absence ofbehavioural differences.Spatial and temporal stimuluscharacteristics eliciting attentionto faces in early infancyYumiko Otsuka (1), Hiroko Ichikawa (2),So Kanazawa (3), Yamaguchi K. Masami(4) 1. Ehime University, Japan; 2. TokyoUniversity of Science, Japan; 3. JapanWomen’s University, Japan; 4. Chuo Uni-versity, JapanHuman infants preferentially look at faces frombirth. While this initial upright face preferenceseems to depend on a very crude representa-tion, the preference become more specificallytuned to realistic faces within a few months.This talk will discuss findings from studiesexamining spatial and temporal characteristicsof stimuli that elicit an upright face preferencein infants. Even though the coarse, low spatialfrequency (LSF), content of facial images car-ries greater contrast energy, a recent study on4-to 5-month-old infants revealed no advan-tage for LSF over high spatial frequencies(HSF) in eliciting an upright face preferencein infants across image durations of 300ms,600ms and 5 s. Rather, the results revealed thatthe infants showed an upright face preferenceat shorter image durations when faces weredepicted with HSF compared to when theywere depicted with LSF.Development of the own-raceadvantage in school-age Tai-wanese children: Revealed witha morphing face paradigmSarina Hui-Lin Chien, Chu-Lik Tai,Shu-Fei Yang China Medical University,Graduate Institute of Neural & CognitiveSciences, TaiwanPrevious studies on the other-race effect inchildren mostly focused on recognition mem-ory. Here we explored the encoding advantagehypotheses in Taiwanese children. 5- to12-year-old children and adults were testedwith a sequential face matching task withswathes of morphed images of Caucasian andAsian female faces. In each trial, the participantviewed an Asian- or Caucasian-parent facefollowed by either the "same" (0%) or a "dif-ferent" morphed face (15%, 30%, 45%, or 60%mixture). The group psychometric functions onrejection rates were fitted with sigmoidal func-tions. Adults exhibited a smaller discriminationthreshold and a sharper slope in the Asian con-dition, supporting the encoding advantagehypothesis. Children aged 5–8 did not exhibitan encoding advantage for own-race; it appearsto emerge around 9–10 and became apparentaround 11–12. In sum, school-aged childrenmade progress in discriminating own-racefaces but their ability to discriminate other-racefaces remained relatively unchanged.Perceptual narrowing towardsadult faces is a cross-cultural phe-nomenon in infancy: A behavioral© 2016 International Union of Psychological Science

British children all look the same: Patterns of eye movements are stable from five years of age

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