Penetration testing entails attacking a system to identify and report insecurity, but doing so without harming
the system nor encroaching on the dignity of those affected by it. To improve the interaction between
penetration testers and their processes and technology, we need to understand the factors that affect
decisions they make with ethical import. This paper presents four ethical hazards faced by penetration
testers, and three safeguards that address them. We also present preliminary results validating the hazards
and safeguards