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research
The effect of timing and frequency of push notifications on usage of a smartphone-based stress management intervention: An exploratory trial
Authors
A Tong
Adam W. A. Geraghty
+40 more
AL Marshall
Anna Weston
BG Danaher
Charlie Hargood
D Ben-Zeev
Danius T. Michaelides
DC Mohr
Dongmei Li
E De Leon
I. Nahum-shani
J Cohen
J Fogarty
JF Willoughby
JP Fry
K Anderson
L Dennison
L Yardley
Leanne G. Morrison
LFM Kohl
LG Morrison
LG Morrison
Lucy Yardley
M Bardus
Mark J. Weal
Mirco Musolesi
MJ Gardner
MLA Lustria
Natalie Goodman
R Crutzen
S Pagoto
S Suggs
Scott Lloyd
SE Maxwell
T Braun
TC Hoffmann
V Braun
Veljko Pejovic
W Brouwer
WT Riley
Y Fukuoka
Publication date
1 January 2017
Publisher
'Public Library of Science (PLoS)'
Doi
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on
PubMed
Abstract
Push notifications offer a promising strategy for enhancing engagement with smartphone-based health interventions. Intelligent sensor-driven machine learning models may improve the timeliness of notifications by adapting delivery to a user's current context (e.g. location). This exploratory mixed-methods study examined the potential impact of timing and frequency on notification response and usage of Healthy Mind, a smartphone-based stress management intervention. 77 participants were randomised to use one of three versions of Healthy Mind that provided: intelligent notifications; daily notifications within pre-defined time frames; or occasional notifications within pre-defined time frames. Notification response and Healthy Mind usage were automatically recorded. Telephone interviews explored participants' experiences of using Healthy Mind. Participants in the intelligent and daily conditions viewed (d = .47, .44 respectively) and actioned (d = .50, .43 respectively) more notifications compared to the occasional group. Notification group had no meaningful effects on percentage of notifications viewed or usage of Healthy Mind. No meaningful differences were indicated between the intelligent and non-intelligent groups. Our findings suggest that frequent notifications may encourage greater exposure to intervention content without deterring engagement, but adaptive tailoring of notification timing does not always enhance their use. Hypotheses generated from this study require testing in future work. Trial registration number: ISRCTN67177737 © 2017 Morrison et al
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