Book synopsis: The 119 contributions in this book cover a range of topics, including parallel computing, parallel processing in biological neural systems, simulators for artificial neural networks, neural networks for visual and auditory pattern recognition as well as for motor control, AI, and examples of optical and molecular computing. The book may be regarded as a state-of-the-art report and at the same time as an 'Interdisciplinary Reference Source' for parallel processing. It should catalyze international and interdisciplinary cooperation among computer scientists, neuroscientists, physicists and engineers in the attempt to: 1) decipher parallel information processes in biology, physics and chemistry 2) design conceptually similar technical parallel information processors